1、考研英语 151及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his f
2、amily -|_|- he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also
3、 need money to construct irrigation -|_|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this ki
4、nd are not -|_|- obtainable. If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family -|_|- he produces a surplus. He
5、must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation -|
6、_|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this kind are not -|_|- obtainable.（分数：1.00）A
7、.other thanB.as well asC.instead ofD.more than二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words ne
8、atly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.0
9、0）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)In spite of rising concern in the Northeast and Canada, Administration spokesmen have repeatedly insisted that nothing could really be done about acid rain and the industry-produced sulfur emissions until all the scientific facts were in. Suddenly last week, howeve
10、r, facts came raining down, in effect making further scientific debate on what mainly causes the problem all but irrelevant. What brought about the downpour was a study commissioned by Presidential Science Adviser. The spokesmen plainly called for remedial action even if some technical questions abo
11、ut acid rain were still unanswered. “If we take the conservative point of view that we must wait until the scientific knowledge is definitive,“ said the spokesman, “the accumulated deposition and damaged environment may reach the point of irreversibility.“ When it rains, it pours. Next came a study
12、from the National Research Council. Its definitive conclusion: reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning power plants and factories, such as these in the Midwest, would in fact significantly reduce the acidity in rain, snow and other precipitation(降水) that is widely believed to be worse
13、ning the life from fresh-water lakes and forests in the Northeast and Canada. The spokesman did not recommend any specific action. A pair of remedial measures are already taken before Congress. A Senate committee recently approved a bill that would require reduction over the next decade of sulfur-di
14、oxide emissions by 10 million tons in the States bordering on the east of the Mississippi. A tougher measure was introduced in the House ordering the 50 largest sulfur polluters in the U. S. to cut emissions substantially. To ease the Eastern coal mining industry, which fears a switch to low-sulfur
15、Western coal, the bill requires the installation of expensive “scrubbers“, devices for removing sulfur from the smoke, rather than an order that forbids high-sulfur fuel. Still, the legislation is being vigorously opposed by the coal industry and utilities, especially in the Mid-west, where heavy in
16、dustries are battling to survive. In a survey also released last week, the Edison Electric Institute , an industry group, gravely predicted that electricity rates could rise as much as 50% if the emission-control legislation passed. Government studies dispute these figures, but Congress has been sus
17、pended on acid-rain measures. Now, as a result of the academy study, supporters of the bills are more optimistic. Nevertheless, a major political battle is shaping up. （分数：1.00）(1).The first paragraph shows that（分数：0.20）A.the Administration has ignored the public anxiety about acid rain.B.the indust
18、rial sulfur emissions need further scientific verificationC.the spokesmen have denied the presence of proofs of acid rain.D.scientific evidence has made the cause of acid rain undebatable.(2). The word “downpour“ in the second paragraph most likely refers to（分数：0.20）A.a heavy fall of acid rain.B.a s
19、udden thunderstorm.C.a series of criticism.D.a succession of evidence.(3).This article most probably appeared in（分数：0.20）A.a government document.B.a news magazine.C.a scientific research paper.D.a textbook of environmental science.(4). The two studies mentioned in the text clearly stated that（分数：0.2
20、0）A.there is no time to lose in pollution control.B.the scientific explanation of acid rain remains unclear.C.environmental restoration defies scientific endeavors.D.factories should be banned from burning coal.(5).From the description of the efforts in the House, we can see that（分数：0.20）A.the membe
21、rs of the House really speak for the general public.B.the Congressmen are tough to the sulfur polluters in the U. S.C.the statesmen try to please the public without enraging the bosses.D.the politicians worry about the effect of emission-control legislation.What our society suffers from most today i
22、s the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be. Such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A co
23、nsensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics (史诗) informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies. Most societies derive conse
24、nsus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic ( 自我陶
25、醉的 ) personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In his study of narcissism, Christopher Lasch says
26、 that modern man, “tortured by self- consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for.“ There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of nati
27、onal vision and purpose. Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian ( 极权主义的 ) societies, our culture is one of great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory. But this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, b
28、ut just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a mytha visionabout a common experience, a conquest that made us Amer
29、icans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the
30、individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolation, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessnessin short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, the greatest trouble with the U. S. society lies in the（
31、分数：0.20）A.lack of serious disagreement over the organizations of social life.B.non-existence of unanimity on the forms the society should take.C.general denying of its conformity with what it was unexpected to be.D.public negation of the consensus on how to conduct social reforms.(2).“Homers epics“
32、mentioned in Paragraph 1 exemplifies the fact that（分数：0.20）A.the present is varying too fast to be caught up easily.B.the future may be so indefinite as to be unpredictable.C.the past can help to shape a consensus in the present.D.the past determines social moralities for later generations.(3).The a
33、uthor concludes that only shared myths can help Americans（分数：0.20）A.to bring about the uniformity of their culture.B.to diminish their great individual differences.C.to avoid the sense of being isolated and troubled.D.to regain the feelings of social values and morale.(4). The asocial personality of
34、 Americans results from（分数：0.20）A.the multiracial constituents of the U. S. society.B.the absence of a common religion and ancestry.C.the want of shared myths they possess in life.D.the obstruction of achieving a general agreement.(5). It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lasch is mo
35、st probably（分数：0.20）A.an earnest nationalist.B.an advanced psychologist.C.a radical reformer.D.a social historian.Is it possible that the ideas we have today about ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By n
36、o means. The idea of owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient Jews, for one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing it as something much more temporary and tentative than we do. The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of pr
37、oductive property as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no means universal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than a decree (order) of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the earth and its products, raw an
38、d transformed. It seems not at all strange; in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without such arrangements. If someone, some individual, didnt own that plot of land, that house, that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would the rules be? Whom would
39、 we buy from and how would we sell? It is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achieving ownership simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the “fruit of labor“. If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise crops, or if I make s
40、omething useful out of natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the objects belong to me or my family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical workingmens movements m
41、ade (an ownership) claim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex, however, such issues became vastly more intricate, It must be clear that in modern society the social heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange account f
42、or far more of the productivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accounted for by the labor of any number of individuals. Hardly any person can now point and say, “That-that right there-is the fruit of my labor. “We can say, as a society, as a nation-as a world, really-that
43、what is produced is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity. We have to recognize that the right of private individual ownership of property is man-made and constantly dependent on the extent to which those without property believe that the owner can make his claim
44、 stick. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, the concept of ownership probably（分数：0.20）A.resulted from the unrecognized ancient history.B.stemmed from the remote prehistoric times.C.arose from the generous blessing of the Creator.D.originated from the undetected distant periods.(2). The author deems
45、private ownership to be（分数：0.20）A.a necessary invention of mankind.B.an inherent right of a human being.C.a permanent arrangement for society.D.an explicit idea of some individuals.(3).Private ownership of property is finally described as（分数：0.20）A.a production of early mans manual work.B.a demand f
46、or greater productivity in industry.C.varying with the shift in public approval.D.denied by socialized production and exchange.(4). We learn by inference that private property may（分数：0.20）A.be viewed as a design of inventive powers.B.be treated as a discovery of our ancestors.C.serve as the universa
47、l rule of transactions.D.function as the basis of market economy.(5).One deserves to claim on some product only when（分数：0.20）A.his labor accounts for the product and its value.B.he has the priority to lay claim on the product.C.his labor is widely recognized and respected.D.he has the grounds for ma
48、king claims first.The Supreme Court s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended
