1、考研英语 140及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accept
2、ed-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determi
3、ne their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media prefe
4、rence 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. W
5、e need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：1.00）(1).News reports often focus on dispu
6、tes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “break
7、throughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are wid
8、ely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media preference 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain c
9、onclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to fi
10、nd out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：0.05）A.controversialB.suspiciousC.debatableD.untrustworthyA.checkedB.testedC.approvedD.confirmedA.therebyB.howeverC.moreoverD.notwithstandingA
11、.ratherB.otherwiseC.anywayD.thereforeA.integrityB.availabilityC.reliabilityD.stabilityA.ByB.ToC.OnD.InA.merelyB.oddlyC.fairlyD.rarelyA.referB.indicateC.modifyD.describeA.discriminationB.distinctionC.exceptionD.presumptionA.toB.onC.forD.withA.fancyB.falseC.vividD.virtualA.presentsB.reachesC.providesD
12、.grantsA.preferB.temptC.intendD.tendA.untilB.unlessC.whenD.whileA.imagineB.concludeC.predictD.perceiveA.identicallyB.uniformlyC.cautiouslyD.seriouslyA.onB.toC.withD.inA.summarizeB.systematizeC.recognizeD.revitalizeA.latentB.intactC.oddD.keyA.hedgeB.circleC.realmD.scope二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00
13、)1. (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2) possible reason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wildlife protection (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2) possible reason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wildlife protection* （
14、分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger t
15、han any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers were the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this pr
16、imacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics ,had shrunk
17、 or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. Americas machine-tool industry was
18、on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to beli
19、eve that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing com
20、petition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blin
21、d pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, “according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity
22、,“ says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington D. C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.“ （分数：1.00）(1).The U. S. achieved its predominance after Wo
23、rld War because_.（分数：0.25）A.it had made painstaking efforts towards this goalB.its domestic market was eight times larger than beforeC.the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitorsD.the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy(2).The loss of U. S. pr
24、edominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_.（分数：0.25）A.TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic marketB.semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprisesC.machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actionsD.auto industry had lost
25、 part of its domestic market(3).What can be inferred from the passage?（分数：0.25）A.It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.B.Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.C.The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.D.A long history of success may
26、pave the way for further development.(4).The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the_.（分数：0.25）A.turning of the business cycleB.restructuring of industryC.improved business managementD.success in educationDo you remember all those years when scie
27、ntists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain ? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonse
28、nse, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House,
29、 to tell us that the Earths atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panels report: “Science never h
30、as all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.“ Just as on smoking, voices now
31、come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent peo
32、ple would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it s obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more researcha classic case of “paralys
33、is by analysis.“ To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by D
34、emocratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that
35、 those new plants be environmentally sound. （分数：1.00）(1).An argument made by supporters of smoking was that（分数：0.20）A.there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.B.the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.C.people had the freedom t
36、o choose their own way of life.D.antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.(2).According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as（分数：0.20）A.a protector.B.a judge.C.a critic.D.a guide(3).What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis“( Last line, Paragraph 4)?（分数：0.20）A.Endless studies kill
37、 action.B.Careful investigation reveals truth.C.Prudent planning hinders progress.D.Extensive research helps decision - making.(4).According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?（分数：0.20）A.Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B.Raise public awareness of conservati
38、on.C.Press for further scientific research.D.Take some legislative measures.(5).The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because（分数：0.20）A.they both suffered from the governments negligence.B.a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.C.the outcome of the latt
39、er aggravates the former.D.both of them have turned from bad to worse.It may seem an exaggeration to say that ambition is the linchpin of society, holding many of its different elements together, but it is not an exaggeration by much. Remove ambition and the essential elements of society seem to fly
40、 apart. Ambition, as opposed to mere fantasizing about desires, implies work and discipline to achieve goals, personal and social, of a kind society cannot survive without. Ambition is intimately connected with family, for men and women not only work partly for their families;husbands and wives are
41、often ambitious for each other, but harbor some of their most eager ambitions for their children. Yet to have a family nowadays-with birth control readily available, and inflation a good economic argument against having children-is nearly an expression of ambition in itself. Ambition and futurity-a
42、sense of building for tomorrow-are inescapable. Working, saving, planning-these, the daily aspects of ambition-have always been the distinguishing marks of a rising middle class. The attack against ambition is not incidentally an attack on the middle class and what it stands for. Like it or not, the
43、 middle class has done much of societys work in America;and it, the middle class, has from the beginning run on ambition. It is not difficult to imagine a world stripped of ambition. It would probably be a kinder world:without demands and disappointments. People would have time for reflection. Such
44、work as they did would not be for themselves but for the collectivity. Competition would never enter in. Conflict would be eliminated, tension become a thing of the past. The stress of creation would be at an end. The family would become superfluous as a social unit, with all its former power for br
45、inging about neurosis drained away. Longevity would be increased, for fewer people would die of heart attack or stroke caused by confused endeavor. Anxiety would be extinct. Time would stretch on and on, with ambition long departed from the human heart. We do not choose our parents, our historical e
46、poch, the country of our birth or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing. We do not, most of us, choose to die;nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death. But within all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live:courageously or in cowardice, honorably or dishonora
47、bly, with purpose or in drift. We decide what is important and what is trivial in life. We decide that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do. But no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make.
48、 We decide. We choose. And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about. （分数：1.00）(1).The author holds ambition to be（分数：0.20）A.the intuition of every social member.B.the shared link between social units.C.the vital part of the socia
49、l machine.D.the essential feature of social elements.(2).Ambition closely relates to family in that（分数：0.20）A.its members hold great expectations of each other.B.its the right place for free revelation of ambitions.C.its what people are driving and competing for.D.it serves as a shelter for concealing ambitions.(3).What distinguishes us one from another seems to be（分数：0.20）A.the keen fantasy of gaining honor and
