1、考研英语 138及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Comparisons were drawn between the development television in the 20th century and the diffusion printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened -|_|-As was discussed before, it was not -|_|- the 19th century that the n
2、ewspaper became the dominant pre- electronic -|_|- , following in the wake the pamphlet and the book and in the -|_|- the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution -|_|- up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading -|_|- through the telegraph, the telephone
3、, radio, and motion pictures -|_|- the 20th-century world the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that in -|_|- It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, -|_|- , that the introduction the computer in the early 20th century, -|_|-by the invention the integrated circuit during th
4、e 1960s, radically changed the , -|_|-its impact the media was not immediately -|_|-As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal“ too, as well as -|_|-, with display becoming sharper and storage -|_|-increasing. They were thought , like people, -|_|-generati
5、ons, with the distance between generations much -|_|-. It was within the computer age that the term “information society“ began to be widely used to describe the -|_|-within which we now live. The communications revolution has -|_|-both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and
6、 time, but there have been -|_|-views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits“ have been weighed -|_|-“harmful“ outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult. Comparisons were drawn between the development television in the 20th century and the diffusion prin
7、ting in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened -|_|-As was discussed before, it was not -|_|- the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre- electronic -|_|- , following in the wake the pamphlet and the book and in the -|_|- the periodical. It was during the same time that
8、the communications revolution -|_|- up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading -|_|- through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures -|_|- the 20th-century world the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that in -|_|- It is important to do so. It is generally rec
9、ognized, -|_|- , that the introduction the computer in the early 20th century, -|_|-by the invention the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the , -|_|-its impact the media was not immediately -|_|-As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “perso
10、nal“ too, as well as -|_|-, with display becoming sharper and storage -|_|-increasing. They were thought , like people, -|_|-generations, with the distance between generations much -|_|-. It was within the computer age that the term “information society“ began to be widely used to describe the -|_|-
11、within which we now live. The communications revolution has -|_|-both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been -|_|-views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits“ have been weighed -|_|-“harmful“ outcomes. And genera
12、lizations have proved difficult. （分数：1.00）A.betweenB.beforeC.sinceD.later二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. 1) Describe the pictures. 2) Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures. 3) Suggest counter-measures. 1) Describe the pictures. 2) Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures. 3) Su
13、ggest counter-measures.* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating, But to be
14、fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesnt help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselve
15、s. Egypts leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam. But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftall in
16、 return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a
17、 dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the ban
18、k has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help t
19、o resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved. （分数
20、：1.00）(1). The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that _.（分数：0.25）A.people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB.the blind could be happier than the sightedC.over-excited people tend to neglect vital thingsD.fascination makes people tend to neglect vital things(2). In paragraph 5, “t
21、he powerless“ probably refers to _.（分数：0.25）A.areas short of electricityB.dams without power stationsC.poor countries around IndiaD.common people in the Narmada Dam area(3). What is the myth concerning giant dams? _.（分数：0.25）A.They bring in more fertile soil.B.They help defend the country.C.They str
22、engthen international ties.D.They have universal control of the waters.(4).What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as _.（分数：0.25）A.“Its no use crying over spilt milk“B.“More haste, less speed“C.“Look before you leap“D.“He who laughs last laughs best“When I decided to quit my full ti
23、me employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit
24、 by claiming“I wanted to spend more time with my family“. Curiously,some two-and-a-half years and two novels later,my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting“ has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “hav
25、ing it all“, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of she after a build-up of stress, that abando
26、ning the doctrine of “juggling your life“, and making the alternative move into “downshifting“ brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressu
27、red deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time“. In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well- established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity“-has, ironically,
28、 even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from r
29、ecycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-90s equivalent of dropping out. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s-and is sti
30、ll linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in th mid-90s is not so much a s
31、earch for the mythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations. （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1 ?（分数：0.25）A.Full-time employment is a new international trend.B.The writer was compel
32、led by circumstances to leave her job.C.“A lateral move“ means stepping out of full-time employment.D.The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.(2).The writer s experiment shows that downshifting_.（分数：0.25）A.enables her to realize her dreamB.helps her mold a new philosophy of
33、lifeC.prompts her to abandon her high social statusD.leads her to accept the doctrine or She magazine(3).“Juggling ones life“ probably means living a life characterized by_.（分数：0.25）A.non-materialistic lifestyleB.a bit of everythingC.extreme stressD.anti-consumerism(4).According to the passage,downs
34、hifting emerged in the U. S. as a result of_.（分数：0.25）A.the quick pace of modem lifeB.man s adventurous spiritC.man search for mythical experiencesD.the economic situationA history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. Whe
35、n the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers were the most skilled. America and Americans w
36、ere prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselv
37、es at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics ,had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas
38、LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be
39、 the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another in
40、to the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attr
41、ibute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, “according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvards
42、Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,“ says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington D. C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on th
43、is period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.“ （分数：1.00）(1).The U. S. achieved its predominance after World War because_.（分数：0.25）A.it had made painstaking efforts towards this goalB.its domestic market was eight times larger than beforeC.the war had destroyed the economies
44、 of most potential competitorsD.the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy(2).The loss of U. S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_.（分数：0.25）A.TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic marketB.semiconductor indus
45、try had been taken over by foreign enterprisesC.machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actionsD.auto industry had lost part of its domestic market(3).What can be inferred from the passage?（分数：0.25）A.It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.B.Intense competition may
46、contribute to economic progress.C.The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.D.A long history of success may pave the way for further development.(4).The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the_.（分数：0.25）A.turning of the busi
47、ness cycleB.restructuring of industryC.improved business managementD.success in educationThat experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead t
