1、考研英语 137及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Manpower Inc. ,with 560,000 workers, is the worlds largest temporary, employment agency. Every morning, its people -|_|- into the offices and factories of America, seeking a days work for a days pay, one day at a time. -|_|- industri
2、al giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive -|_|- reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. -|_|- its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This“ -|_|- “work force is the
3、 most important -|_|- in American business today, and it is -|_|- changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive -|_|- avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens -|_|- by employment rules, healthcare costs and p
4、ension plans. workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of -|_|- that came being a loyal employee. Manpower Inc. ,with 560,000 workers, is the worlds largest temporary, employment agency. Every morning, its people -|_|- into the offices and factories of America, seeking a days w
5、ork for a days pay, one day at a time. -|_|- industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive -|_|- reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. -|_|- its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers
6、and temporary workers. This“ -|_|- “work force is the most important -|_|- in American business today, and it is -|_|- changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive -|_|- avoiding market cycles and the growing burd
7、ens -|_|- by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of -|_|- that came being a loyal employee. （分数：1.00）A.swarmB.strideC.separateD.slip二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict th
8、e tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.*（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Its a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat
9、. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their custom
10、ers misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might-surprise! - fall off. The label on a childs Batman cape caut
11、ions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.“ While warnings are often appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug interactions, for example-and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer
12、 is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed
13、anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “Were really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,“ sa
14、ys Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athletes injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute-a group of judge, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that compan
15、ies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,“ says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way
16、, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. （分数：1.00）(1).What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?（分数：0.25）A.Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.B.Injured customers coul
17、d expect protection from the legal system.C.Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.D.Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.(2).Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to_.（分数：0.25）A.satisfy customers by writing long warnings on productsB.bec
18、ome honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsC.make the best use of labels to avoid legal liabilityD.feel obliged to view customers safety as their first concern(3).The ease of Schutt helmet demonstrated that_.（分数：0.25）A.some injury claims were no longer supported by lawB.helmets were
19、not designed to prevent injuriesC.product labels would eventually be discardedD.some sports games might lose popularity with athletes(4).The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be_.（分数：0.25）A.biasedB.indifferentC.puzzlingD.objectiveSince the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever
20、more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun t
21、o come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank
22、us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accu
23、racyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real chall
24、enge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.
25、 Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attem
26、pting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled fact
27、ory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth
28、can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：1.00）(1). Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robo
29、ticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose
30、universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the cont
31、inual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stag
32、e of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we ca
33、n t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be ab
34、le to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception
35、far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant,
36、 instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：0.20）_The Supreme Court s decisions
37、on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centurie
38、s-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii pa
39、tients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who“ until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their
40、 pain if that might hasten death.“ George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“
41、 he says.“ We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge th
42、at the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approachi
43、ng Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young
44、 doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-m
45、eaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“ Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it constitutes“ systematic patient abuse.“ He says medical licensing boards“ must make it clear, that painfu
46、l deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.“ （分数：1.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that（分数：0.20）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.B.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.C.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.(2). Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：0
