1、考研英语 136及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. -|_|- kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is -|_|- to serve some restora
2、tive function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more -|_|- . The new experiments, such as those -|_|- for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations -|_|-of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known
3、that total sleep -|_|-is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, -|_|-examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now -|_|- the mystery of why the animals die. The rats -|_|- bacterial infections of the blood, -|_|- their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism
4、against diseaseshad crashed. Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. -|_|- kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is -|_|- to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpos
5、e of non-REM sleep is even more -|_|- . The new experiments, such as those -|_|- for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations -|_|-of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known that total sleep -|_|-is 100 percent f
6、atal to rats, yet, -|_|-examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now -|_|- the mystery of why the animals die. The rats -|_|- bacterial infections of the blood, -|_|- their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism against diseaseshad crashed. （分数：1.00）
7、A.EitherB.NeitherC.EachD.Any二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.In the essay you should 1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) In the essay you should 1)describe the picture and
8、 interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at th
9、e mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating, But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesnt help that
10、building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypts leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam. But big dams tend not to work as intended.
11、The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftall in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart
12、 of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself
13、. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaran
14、teed. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either
15、proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved. （分数：1.00）(1). The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that _.（分数：0.25）A.people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB.the blind could be happier than the sightedC.over-excite
16、d people tend to neglect vital thingsD.fascination makes people tend to neglect vital things(2). In paragraph 5, “the powerless“ probably refers to _.（分数：0.25）A.areas short of electricityB.dams without power stationsC.poor countries around IndiaD.common people in the Narmada Dam area(3). What is the
17、 myth concerning giant dams? _.（分数：0.25）A.They bring in more fertile soil.B.They help defend the country.C.They strengthen international ties.D.They have universal control of the waters.(4).What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as _.（分数：0.25）A.“Its no use crying over spilt milk“B.
18、“More haste, less speed“C.“Look before you leap“D.“He who laughs last laughs best“It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical de
19、pression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threate
20、ns this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we dem
21、and eyed thing that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justif
22、ied. In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $ I, 540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that
23、 sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“ have a duty to die and get out of the way“ so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely
24、 work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 7Os, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living pr
25、oof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly amd dramatic measures may be
26、ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve
27、 peoples lives. （分数：1.00）(1).What is implied in the first sentence?（分数：0.20）A.Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B.Americans enjoy a higher life quality that ever before.C.Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D.Americans take a vain pride in their long life
28、 expectancy.(2). The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that（分数：0.20）A.medical resources are often wasted.B.doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.C.some treatments are too aggressive.D.medical costs are becoming unaffordable.(3).The authors attitude toward Richard Lamm s remark
29、 is one of（分数：0.20）A.strong disapproval.B.reserved consent.C.slight contempt.D.enthusiastic support.(4).In contrast to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care（分数：0.20）A.more flexibly.B.more extravagantly.C.more cautiously.D.more reasonably.(5). The text intends to express the idea
30、that（分数：0.20）A.medicine will further prolong peoples lives.B.life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.C.death should be accepted as a fact of life.D.excessive demands increase the cost of health careTo what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work, and how far has th
31、e State an obligation to ensure that they have work to do? It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control, and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the rest of the community. But conc
32、ern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply. The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of 1971-2. Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during mo
33、st of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the Depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round, so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out, and who was responsible for unemployment and
34、the unemployed. In 1972 there were critics who said that the States action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act, a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker. Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemploymentsuch as laying off workers in order to intro
35、duce technological changes and maximize profitstended to be ignored. And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honour the social contract, by not fulfilling their duty to society to work. In spite of general concern at the scale of the unemployment statistics, when the unemployed were
36、 considered as individuals, they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of society became suspect. Of all the myths of the Welfare State, stories of the work-shy and borrowers have been the least well-founded on eviden
37、ce, yet they have proved the most persistent. The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the States obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through Social Security. Underlying the arguments
38、 about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service, not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the State, and supported if necessary? And a
39、part from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work. so that the workless need work rather than just cash? （分数：1.00）(1). It is the authors belief that（分数：0.20）A.unemployment must lead to depression of national economy.B.the unemployed are the vic
40、tims of economical development.C.unemployment should be kept under control by industrial forces.D.the unemployed are denied responsibility for technological progress.(2).What the author proposes to examine is whether（分数：0.20）A.the unemployed or the State is liable for unemployment.B.the State should
41、 discard those for their being laid off.C.the unemployed or the State should make work compulsory.D.the State or the individual is to perform his social obligations.(3).The basic disagreement about the essence of work rests on whether or not（分数：0.20）A.the unemployed ought to be supported by society
42、as a whole.B.the State realizes that people work for more than just money.C.the jobless are guaranteed regular employment and benefits.D.the State has to secure workers against frequent unemployment.(4).The effect of the 1971-2 unemployment scare was to（分数：0.20）A.arouse great anxiety about the unava
43、ilability of work.B.cause much concern for the benefits to the unemployed.C.make the subject of unemployment controversial again.D.show there being too little work to go round again.(5).According to the author, in the 1971-2 crisis（分数：0.20）A.the State and the employers were equally blameworthy.B.the
44、 unemployed did not fulfil their social duty to find jobs.C.the employers role in creating unemployment was concealed.D.the State was guilty of breaking the social contract.A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. W
45、hen the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers were the most skilled. America and Americans
46、 were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themse
47、lves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics ,had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea
48、s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking p
