1、考研英语 131及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accept
2、ed-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determi
3、ne their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media prefe
4、rence 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. W
5、e need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：1.00）(1).News reports often focus on dispu
6、tes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “break
7、throughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are wid
8、ely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media preference 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain c
9、onclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to fi
10、nd out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：0.05）A.controversialB.suspiciousC.debatableD.untrustworthyA.checkedB.testedC.approvedD.confirmedA.therebyB.howeverC.moreoverD.notwithstandingA
11、.ratherB.otherwiseC.anywayD.thereforeA.integrityB.availabilityC.reliabilityD.stabilityA.ByB.ToC.OnD.InA.merelyB.oddlyC.fairlyD.rarelyA.referB.indicateC.modifyD.describeA.discriminationB.distinctionC.exceptionD.presumptionA.toB.onC.forD.withA.fancyB.falseC.vividD.virtualA.presentsB.reachesC.providesD
12、.grantsA.preferB.temptC.intendD.tendA.untilB.unlessC.whenD.whileA.imagineB.concludeC.predictD.perceiveA.identicallyB.uniformlyC.cautiouslyD.seriouslyA.onB.toC.withD.inA.summarizeB.systematizeC.recognizeD.revitalizeA.latentB.intactC.oddD.keyA.hedgeB.circleC.realmD.scope二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00
13、)1. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.*（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Wild Bill Donovan would have loved t
14、he Intemet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War and later laid the roots for the (CIA) was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game“ of espionage-spying as a “profession.“ These days the Net, whic
15、h has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan s vocation as well. The latest revolution isn t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four y
16、ears, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open- source intelligence,“ and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Bumndi. The winner, by a
17、large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straifford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straifford makes money
18、by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www. straitford, com. Straifford President George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually r
19、einforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we II suddenly get 500 new Intemet singe-ups from Ukraine,“ say
20、s Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we 11 hear back from some of them.“ Open- source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That s where Straifford earns its keep. Fridman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin.Several o
21、f his staff members have military- intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straifford s briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Fried
22、man, takes pride in its independent voice. （分数：1.00）(1). The emergence of the Net has（分数：0.20）A.received support from fans like Donovan.B.remolded the intelligence services.C.restored many common pastimes.D.revived spying as a profession.(2).Donovan s story is mentioned in the text to（分数：0.20）A.intr
23、oduce the topic of online spying.B.show how he fought for the U.S.C.give an episode of the information war.D.honor his unique services to the CIA.(3).The phrase“ making the biggest splash“( line 1, paragraph 3)most probably means（分数：0.20）A.causing the biggest trouble.B.exerting the greatest effort.C
24、.achieving the greatest success.D.enjoying the widest popularity.(4). It can be learned from paragraph 4 that（分数：0.20）A.Straiffords prediction about Ukraine has proved true.B.Straifford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.C.Straiffords business is characterized by unpredictability.D.Strai
25、tford is able to provide fairly reliable information.(5). Straifford is most proud of its（分数：0.20）A.official status.B.nonconformist image.C.efficient staff.D.military backgroundHunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He sear
26、ched it with no success but was attracted by the site s “personal search agent“. Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual
27、property, and Washington, D. C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,“ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openin
28、gs can be time- consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a po
29、ssibility,“ says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept what you think you want to do-then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,“ says another expert. “There s no career counseling implicit in all of this.“ Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a ki
30、nd of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,“ says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites de
31、sign their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs-those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit
32、the site again to find them-and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,“ says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who aren t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the
33、demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to ann themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,“ he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes
34、 looking out for you. （分数：1.00）(1).How did Redmon find his job?（分数：0.20）A.By searching openings in a job database.B.By posting a matching position in a database.C.By using a special service of a database.D.By E-mailing his resume to a database.(2). Which of the following can be a disadvantage of sea
35、rch agents?（分数：0.20）A.Lack of counselingB.Limited number of visits.C.Lower efficiency.D.Fewer successful matches.(3).The expression “tip service“ ( Line 4, Paragraph 3 ) most probably means（分数：0.20）A.advisory.B.compensation.C.interactionD.reminder(4).Why does CareerSite s agent offer each job hunter
36、 only three job options?（分数：0.20）A.To focus on better job matches.B.To attract more returning visits.C.To reserve space for more messages.D.To increase the rate of success.(5).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.B.So
37、me sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.C.Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.D.Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process s
38、weeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?“ Theres no question that the big are get
39、ting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investm
40、ent. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate
41、 stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audi
42、ence all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly push
43、ed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?“ the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,“came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.“ If you are part of the group which you are addressing, y
44、ou will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn t attempt to cut in with humor as they
45、will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual a
46、nd apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the h
47、umor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up“ or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. （分数：
48、1.00）(1).To make your humor work, you should（分数：0.20）A.take advantage of different kinds of audience.B.make fun of the disorganized people.C.address different problems to different people.D.show sympathy for your listeners.(2).The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are（分数：0
49、.20）A.impolite to new arrivals.B.very conscious of their godlike role.C.entitled to some privileges.D.very busy even during lunch hours.(3).It can be inferred from the text that public services（分数：0.20）A.have benefited many people.B.are the focus of public attention.C.are an inappropriate subject for humor.D.have often been the laughing stock.(4).To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered（分数：0.20
