1、考研英语 121及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha
2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla
3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha
4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate
6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. 1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) suppo
8、rt your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)U.S. prisons are filled with drug offenders; the number of prisoners tripled over the past 20 years to nearly 2 million, with 60 to 70 per cent testing positi
9、ve for substance abuse on arrest. The country has spent billions of dollars attacking the problem at its roots. But there is growing consensus that the “war on drug“ has been lost. The United States is still the worlds largest consumer of illegal substances; cocaine continues to pour over the border
10、 from Mexico. “Traffic“ taps into the national frustration, depicting the horrors of both drugs and the drug war. Without taking sides, the film illuminates the national debate and poses on alternative that Americans seem increasingly willing to consider: finding new ways to treat, rather than merel
11、y punish, drug abuse. Policy revolutionslike legalizing narcotics (drugs producing sleep or insensibility) remain a distant dream. But there is growing public awareness that the money and energy wasted on trying to check the flow of drugs into the United States might be better spent on trying to con
12、trol demand instead. Voters in several states are far ahead of the politicians, approving ballot initiatives that offer more treatment opinions. “Drugs courts“ that allow judges to use carrots and sticks to compel substance-abuse treatment have grown fifty-fold since the mid-1990s, part of a new und
13、erstanding that, even with frequent relapses( returns to a formal state), treatment is much less expensive for society than jail and ban. Drug addiction is increasingly being viewed as more a disease than a crime. Science is yielding clues about the “hedonic (of pleasure ) region“ of the brain, whil
14、e breakthrough medications and greater understanding of the mental-health problems that underlie many addictions are giving therapists new tools. Officials across the Continent have already begun shifting their focus from preventing drug flow to rehabilitating (making able to live a normal life agai
15、n) drug users. The new European Union Drugs Strategy for 2000-2004 makes a commitment to increasing the number of successfully treated addicts. Gemany, Italy and Luxembourg have transferred responsibility for drug policy from their Ministries of the Interior to the Ministries of Health or Social Aff
16、airs. In Britain, the government has set up a National Treatment Agency to coordinate the efforts of social-service agencies and the Department of Health. And drug-prevention and support agencies there are getting about 30 percent more funding this year. Changing the main national strategy from atta
17、cking drug pushers to rehabilitating addicts wont come easy. But slowly, steadily, Americans, like Europeans, seem determined to try. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, U. S. prisoners（分数：0.20）A.have increased by 2 million in number.B.are most jailed for their drug habit.C.consist of over 1.2 milli
18、on drug dealers.D.are almost all wrong substance users.(2). The word “Traffic“ in Par. 1 most probably means（分数：0.20）A.illegal trading in drugs.B.drug transport business.C.ways of smuggling drugs.D.channels of drug delivery.(3).Drug addiction is being viewed as a disease because（分数：0.20）A.scientists
19、 have got to the root of the problem.B.new medical breakthroughs have been produced.C.it usually gives rise to illnesses of the mind.D.strategy is shifting from punishment to treatment.(4).There seems to be growing awareness of（分数：0.20）A.the immense expense in tackling drug problem.B.the unavoidable
20、 legalization of certain drugs.C.the illumination of the debate about drug abuse.D.the impossible elimination of drug production.(5).More and more Americans favor all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.compulsory treatment for drug addiction.B.forced demand-side reduction in drugs.C.lessening the fun
21、d supply to drugs courts.D.taking reward or punishment measures.Scientific tradition demands that scientific papers follow the formal progression :method first, results second, conclusion third. The rules permit no hint that, as often happens, the method was really made up as the scientist went alon
22、g, or that accidental results determined the method, or that the scientist reached certain conclusions before the results were all in, or that he started out with certain conclusions, or that he started doing a different experiment. Much scientific writing not only misrepresents the workings of scie
23、nce but also does a disservice to scientists themselves. By writing reports that make scientific investigations sound as unvarying and predictable as the sunrise, scientists tend to spread the curious notion that science is infallible. That many of them are unconscious of the effect they create does
24、 not alter the image in the popular mind. We hear time and again of the superiority of the “scientific method“. In fact, the word “unscientific“ has almost become a synonym for “untrue“. Yet the final evaluation of any set of data is an individual, subjective judgment; and all human judgment is liab
25、le to error. Thoughtful scientists realize all this; but you wouldnt gather so from reading most scientific literature. A self-important, stiff and unnatural style too often seizes the pen of the experimenter the moment he starts putting words on paper. Editors of scientific publications are not wit
26、hout their reasons for the current style of scientific writing. Their journals arent rich. Paper and printing are expensive. Therefore, it is helpful to condense articles as much as possible. Under pressure of tradition, the condensation process removes the human elements first. And few scientific w
27、riters rebel against the tradition. Even courageous men do not go out of their way to publicize their deviations from accepted procedures. Then ,too, there is an apparent objectivity and humbleness attached to the third person, passive voice writing technique adopted in the preparation of most scien
28、tific papers. So, bit by bit, the true face of science becomes hidden behind what seems to the outsider to be a self-satisfied all-knowing mask. Is it any wonder that in the popular literature the scientist often appears as a hybrid superman-spoiled child? No small contribution to modern culture cou
29、ld be the simple introduction, into the earliest stage of our public-school science courses, of a natural style of writing about laboratory experiments as they really happen. This is something that could be done immediately with the opening of classes this fall. It requires no preparation except a p
30、sychological acknowledgment of the obvious fact that the present form of reporting experiments is a mental tie whose very appearance is calculated to repel the imaginative young minds science so badly needs. （分数：1.00）(1).The traditional demands on writing scientific papers（分数：0.20）A.require well wor
31、ked-out methods in experiment.B.ask for elimination of any accidental outcomes.C.refuse inconformity of conclusions with results.D.conflict with actual conditions as often as not.(2).Most scientific papers turn out to be（分数：0.20）A.deterioration of the workings of science.B.degeneration of service to
32、 scientists.C.rigid formats of all scientific reports.D.belief in the full correctness of science.(3).The author strongly appeals（分数：0.20）A.to brave scientists to break with accepted writing procedures.B.for immediate changes in current form of reporting experiments.C.to young scientists to use thei
33、r imaginations to activate science.D.for bringing the natural scientific writing into school education.(4).The author points out that thoughtful scientists（分数：0.20）A.realize the universal truth “to err is human“.B.have confidence in the precision of their work.C.are unaware of the effect of their wr
34、itings.D.tend to be seized with subjective wishes.(5).A traditional scientific writing may begin:（分数：0.20）A.“I was just fooling around one day when it occurred to me that.“B.“In view of recent evidence for.theory, it seemed advisable to.“C.“For no good reason at all I hit on a way to solve the puzzl
35、e that.“D.“No one can imagine how we were surprised at what happened.“Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plat
36、es that make up the earths surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark th
37、e passage of the plates. That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the seafloor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are r
38、eminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior. It is not possible to d
39、etermine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot
40、population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years. The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that prop
41、el the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks) : in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that
42、the hot spot initiates the formation of new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability( inconstancy ). （分数：1.00）(1). The author believes that _.（分数：0.25）A.the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earths int
43、eriorB.the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be trueC.the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directionsD.the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart(2).That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that _.（分数：0
44、.25）A.the two continents are still moving in opposite directionsB.they have been found to share certain geological featuresC.the African plate has been stable for 30 million yearsD.over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe(3). The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining _.（分数：0.25
45、）A.the structure of the African platesB.the revival of dead volcanoesC.the mobility of the continentsD.the formation of new oceans(4). The passage is mainly about_.（分数：0.25）A.the features of volcanic activitiesB.the importance of the theory about drifting platesC.the significance of hot spots in geo
46、physical studiesD.the process of the formation of volcanoesThe point of the restorationist critique of preservationism is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some tim
47、e figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society. However, the writings of the restorationists themselvesparticularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turneroffer little evidence to support this accusation. In their view, preservationists are filled with
48、the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter ranks humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical basis for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and ruthlessness of their attack on preservationists, reinforced by th
