1、考研英语 117及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work is well done, a -|_|- of accident-fr
2、ee operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others d
3、epend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|- . The fewer the injury -|_|- , the be
4、tter the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work
5、 is well done, a -|_|- of accident-free operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practice
6、s by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|-
7、. The fewer the injury -|_|- , the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. （分数：1.00）A.atB.inC.onD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. Read the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the carto
8、on, 2) state its main idea, and 3) give your comment. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Read the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) state its main idea, and 3) give your comment. You should write abou
9、t 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Ma
10、ny in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?“ Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international
11、 trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to
12、 almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M by the
13、late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“the random byproducts of the neural - repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off - line.“ And one lead
14、ing authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It s your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago s Medical Center. “If you don t like it, change it.“ Ev
15、idence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emoti
16、onal brain“) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,“ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotion
17、s shows up among the patients in Cartwright s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily
18、life we don t always think about the emotional significance of the day s eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetti
19、ng about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams
20、 at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,“ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has
21、 its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep or rather dreamon it and youll feel better in the morning. （分数：1.00）(1).Researchers have come to believe that dreams（分数：0.20）A.can be modified in their courses.B.are susceptible to emotional changes.C.reflect our innermost desires and fears.D.are a ra
22、ndom outcome of neural repairs(2).By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show（分数：0.20）A.its function in our dreams.B.the mechanism of REM sleep.C.the relation of dreams to emotions.D.its difference from the prefrontal cortex.(3).The negative feelings generated during the day tend t
23、o（分数：0.20）A.aggravate in our unconscious mind.B.develop into happy dreams.C.persist till the time we fall asleep.D.show up in dreams early at night.(4).Cartwright seems to suggest that（分数：0.20）A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them und
24、er controlC.dreams should be left to their natural progression.D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.(5).What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?（分数：0.20）A.Lead your life as usual.B.Seek professional help.C.Exercise conscious controlD.Avoid anxiety in
25、 the daytimeFinancial engineers dont wear white lab coats. They dont experiment on rats or perform gas chromatography(气相层析). Their raw material-money-isnt as showy as what biologists and physicists investigate. But the innovations they produce will contribute just as much to economic growth. Maybe m
26、ore, in fact, because without the science of finance, all other sciences are just a bunch of neat concepts. Ideas begin to tribute to human betterment when theyre financed-by venture capital, stock offerings, loans, or buyouts. A smoothly operating financial system showers money on good ideas. Equal
27、ly important, it cuts off funding to tired ideas and tired companies, so their assets can be employed more efficiently elsewhere. In the 21st century economy, innovation in finance will increase in concert with the increase in competition. Partly because of deregulation and globalization, competitio
28、n should get tougher, and margins thinner. As products such as home mortgage loans become commoditized, financial- service companies will be forced to get more creative. Financial technology will keep feeding off information technology. The secret to success will be a strong software platform, which
29、 will lower the cost of general services while making it possible to create high-margin variations as well. A few companies that get it right can spin away from the rest and become stronger and stronger. In the new world of finance, size counts. Big companies enjoy economies of scale and name recogn
30、ition, and they can be safer because their bets are spread across more regions and market segments. The value of U. S. bank mergers in the first half of 1998 was greater than that of the three previous years combined. The mergers are occurring across industries as well. At the other extreme will be
31、specialists that survive by doing one thing either very cheaply or exceptionally well. By offering lower prices or better service, specialists will discipline the financial supermarkets; the big guys know their customers can walk away if they get a raw deal. “There is no way we are going to maximize
32、 a short-term transactional benefit at the risk of destroying a long-term relationship,“ says Chase Manhattan Corp. Vice-Chairman Joseph G. Sponholz. Predictably, the biggest winners from financial innovation will be companies, and families that have complex finances. Banks already show signs of los
33、ing interest in people who want just plain checking accounts. But as incomes and wealth rise, more people will find themselves thrust into the role of asset managers. Businesses, too, will have to become more sophisticated-if only to keep pace with financially innovative rivals. （分数：1.00）(1) In comp
34、arison with natural scientists, financial engineers（分数：0.20）A.may give even greater impetus to social development.B.can show more attention-getting features of their work.C.are more likely to make full use of their raw material.D.will produce as many innovations to advance economy.(2).In the absence
35、 of financial support, all scientific concepts（分数：0.20）A.would remain groups of merely impractical thoughts.B.could barely benefit the improvement of peoples life.C.should hardly lose venture capital and bank loans.D.might become tired ideas that cannot be implemented.(3).Companies or families may f
36、ail in financing if they（分数：0.20）A.defy unfair deals with customers.B.bank simply for interestC.put all their eggs in one basket.D.put all their eggs in one basket.(4). In the current century, financial companies will（分数：0.20）A.take great pains to counter any other rival business firms.B.repel dereg
37、ulation and globalization of financial service.C.employ information technology to make more profits.D.nvest in IT industry to create advanced software.(5).The startling growth of bank mergers indicates that（分数：0.20）A.scale is of vital importance to the survival of financial systems.B.financial-servi
38、ce companies need to turn out creative products.C.demand for investment of capital is becoming greater and greater.D.big companies want to risk their money on more than one result.四、Part B(总题数：1，分数：20.00)3.You are a college graduate in Law. Write a letter to a law office to apply for a position, whi
39、ch should include: 1) the position of your application, 2) the reason of your interest in the job, 3) your related knowledge, skills and experience. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming“ instead. You do not need to write the
40、 address. (10 points) You are a college graduate in Law. Write a letter to a law office to apply for a position, which should include: 1) the position of your application, 2) the reason of your interest in the job, 3) your related knowledge, skills and experience. You should write about 100 words on
41、 ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming“ instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) （分数：20.00）_五、Part C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning ,or promot
42、ing students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users. The tests t
43、hemselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performa
44、nce are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and o
45、n the skill and wisdom with which it is always interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method o
46、f getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73.Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both
47、in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 74. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when w
48、hat is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75. For example, they do not compensate for gross
