1、考研英语 115及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Comparisons were drawn between the development television in the 20th century and the diffusion printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened -|_|-As was discussed before, it was not -|_|- the 19th century that the n
2、ewspaper became the dominant pre- electronic -|_|- , following in the wake the pamphlet and the book and in the -|_|- the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution -|_|- up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading -|_|- through the telegraph, the telephone
3、, radio, and motion pictures -|_|- the 20th-century world the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that in -|_|- It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, -|_|- , that the introduction the computer in the early 20th century, -|_|-by the invention the integrated circuit during th
4、e 1960s, radically changed the , -|_|-its impact the media was not immediately -|_|-As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal“ too, as well as -|_|-, with display becoming sharper and storage -|_|-increasing. They were thought , like people, -|_|-generati
5、ons, with the distance between generations much -|_|-. It was within the computer age that the term “information society“ began to be widely used to describe the -|_|-within which we now live. The communications revolution has -|_|-both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and
6、 time, but there have been -|_|-views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits“ have been weighed -|_|-“harmful“ outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult. Comparisons were drawn between the development television in the 20th century and the diffusion prin
7、ting in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened -|_|-As was discussed before, it was not -|_|- the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre- electronic -|_|- , following in the wake the pamphlet and the book and in the -|_|- the periodical. It was during the same time that
8、the communications revolution -|_|- up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading -|_|- through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures -|_|- the 20th-century world the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that in -|_|- It is important to do so. It is generally rec
9、ognized, -|_|- , that the introduction the computer in the early 20th century, -|_|-by the invention the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the , -|_|-its impact the media was not immediately -|_|-As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “perso
10、nal“ too, as well as -|_|-, with display becoming sharper and storage -|_|-increasing. They were thought , like people, -|_|-generations, with the distance between generations much -|_|-. It was within the computer age that the term “information society“ began to be widely used to describe the -|_|-
11、within which we now live. The communications revolution has -|_|-both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been -|_|-views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits“ have been weighed -|_|-“harmful“ outcomes. And genera
12、lizations have proved difficult. （分数：1.00）A.betweenB.beforeC.sinceD.later二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. Study the following graph carefully and write an essay which should cover 1) general situation of crime victims in U. S. 2) the most frequent victims and their implications, and 3) your commen
13、t. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following graph carefully and write an essay which should cover 1) general situation of crime victims in U. S. 2) the most frequent victims and their implications, and 3) your comment. You should write about 160-
14、200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical take
15、n by drug addicts. They dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase“ substance abuse“ is often used instead of“ drug abuse“ to make clear that substances suc
16、h as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. Wh
17、en do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all ,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substanc
18、e dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system a
19、nd alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.
20、Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic ( from the Greek word meaning“ mind-manifesting“ ) because they seemed to radically alter ones state of conscio
21、usness. （分数：1.00）(1).“Substance abuse“( Line 5, Paragraph 1 ) is preferable to“ drug abuse“ in that _.（分数：0.25）A.substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally usedB.“drug abuse“ is only related to a limited number of drug takersC.alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and co
22、caineD.many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous(2). The word“ pervasive ( Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean_.（分数：0.25）A.widespreadB.overwhelmingC.piercingD.fashionable(3). Physical dependence on certain substances results from _.（分数：0.25）A.uncontrolled consumption of them ove
23、r long periods of timeB.exclusive use of them for social purposesC.quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseasesD.careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms(4). From the last paragraph we can infer that _.（分数：0.25）A.stimulants function positively on the mindB.hallucinogens a
24、re in themselves harmful to healthC.depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substancesD.the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsThe Supreme Court s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patien
25、ts of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful
26、one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of M
27、ontefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who“ until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.“ George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University,
28、 maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“ he says.“ We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, a
29、lthough they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicin
30、e has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive
31、use of“ ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Me
32、dicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“ Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with
33、 the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it constitutes“ systematic patient abuse.“ He says medical licensing boards“ must make it clear, that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.“
34、（分数：1.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that（分数：0.20）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.B.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.C.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D.patients have no constituti
35、onal right to commit suicide.(2). Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.B.Modern medicine has assisted terminally iii patients in painless recovery.C.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving med
36、ication can be prescribed.D.A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.(3).According to the NAS s report, one of the problems in end-of-tire care is（分数：0.20）A.prolonged medical procedures.B.inadequate treatment of pain.C.systematic drug abuse.D.insufficient hospital care(4).Which
37、of the following best defines the word“ aggressive“ ( line 3, paragraph 7 ) ?（分数：0.20）A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Careless.D.Desperate.(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they（分数：0.20）A.manage their patients incompetently.B.give patients more medicine than needed.C.reduce
38、 drug dosages for their patients.D.prolong the needless suffering of the patients.Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great d
39、rifting plates that make up the earths surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones
40、that mark the passage of the plates. That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the seafloor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the
41、 ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior. It is not p
42、ossible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of t
43、he hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years. The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical process
44、es that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks) : in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissur
45、es, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability( inconstancy ). （分数：1.00）(1). The author believes that _.（分数：0.25）A.the motion of the plates corresponds to that of th
46、e earths interiorB.the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be trueC.the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directionsD.the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart(2).That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact
47、that _.（分数：0.25）A.the two continents are still moving in opposite directionsB.they have been found to share certain geological featuresC.the African plate has been stable for 30 million yearsD.over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe(3). The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining _.（分数：0.25）A.the structure of the African platesB.the revival of dea
