1、考研英语 114及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)At every stage of development, clothes can help establish a persons identity for himself and for those with whom he interacts. The childhood game of “dressing up“ in parents 1 provides the opportunity for the child to 2 the roles he
2、will be 3 to play in adult life. The degree 4 which a person chooses clothes that 5 the roles will affect his performance in those roles. Clothes are an important factor in developing 6 of self-confidence and self-respect, 7 when you look good, you feel good. For most people, clothes are often a sou
3、rce of 8 reaction from others, since in our culture we are more 9 to compliment a person on his 10 than on other 11 of the “self“ Most Americans also 12 that a proper appearance and proper dress are the keys 13 association with the right crowd, which 14 opens the doors to job advancement, increased
4、income, and greater prestige. Our clothing needs are 15 by a multitude of circumstances, because buying motives are 16 simple. The first step in the decision-making process is to make a 17 ordering of the things that are important to us. If a person recognizes and 18 the priorities of his values e.
5、g. , that his status and prestige may be more important than his physical comforthis 19 of clothing is not only simplified, but more likely to 20 him greater satisfaction. （分数：1.00）(1).At every stage of development, clothes can help establish a persons identity for himself and for those with whom he
6、 interacts. The childhood game of “dressing up“ in parents 1 provides the opportunity for the child to 2 the roles he will be 3 to play in adult life. The degree 4 which a person chooses clothes that 5 the roles will affect his performance in those roles. Clothes are an important factor in developin
7、g 6 of self-confidence and self-respect, 7 when you look good, you feel good. For most people, clothes are often a source of 8 reaction from others, since in our culture we are more 9 to compliment a person on his 10 than on other 11 of the “self“ Most Americans also 12 that a proper appearance and
8、proper dress are the keys 13 association with the right crowd, which 14 opens the doors to job advancement, increased income, and greater prestige. Our clothing needs are 15 by a multitude of circumstances, because buying motives are 16 simple. The first step in the decision-making process is to mak
9、e a 17 ordering of the things that are important to us. If a person recognizes and 18 the priorities of his values e. g. , that his status and prestige may be more important than his physical comforthis 19 of clothing is not only simplified, but more likely to 20 him greater satisfaction. （分数：0.05）A
10、.skirtsB.fashionsC.patternsD.clothesA.practiceB.attemptC.performD.rehearseA.meetB.hitC.fitD.playA.feelingsB.motivesC.passionsD.moodsA.thereofB.howeverC.untilD.sinceA.negativeB.positiveC.criticalD.directA.ableB.easyC.aptD.fairA.appearanceB.behaviorC.mannersD.flavorsA.thingsB.aspectsC.partsD.pointsA.c
11、onfirmB.assumeC.disputeD.recognizeA.forB.ofC.toD.inA.in turnB.in effectC.in stepD.in resultA.engagedB.compelledC.expectedD.promptedA.orientedB.influencedC.designedD.formattedA.fairlyB.ratherC.quiteD.seldomA.consciousB.ambitiousC.conspicuousD.generousA.adaptsB.ascendsC.assuresD.acceptsA.senseB.tasteC
12、.choiceD.attitudeA.createB.bringC.forgeD.pledgeA.byB.toC.inD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay entitled “After Picnics“. In the essay you should 1) describe the pictures, 2) give your comment on the phenomena, and 3) suggest possible meas
13、ures to change them. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay entitled “After Picnics“. In the essay you should 1) describe the pictures, 2) give your comment on the phenomena, and 3) suggest possible measure
14、s to change them. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.“ One such cause now seek
15、s to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the anima
16、l rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmoth
17、erly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal researc
18、h. When assured that they do, she replied,“ Then I would have to say yes. “Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. “Such well-meaning people just don t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public
19、in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother s hip replacement, a father s bypass operation, a baby s vaccinations, and even a pet s shots. To those who are unaware that
20、 animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could“ adopt“ middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to t
21、he editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should
22、 actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry, will extinguish
23、the precious embers of medical progress. （分数：1.00）(1).The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to（分数：0.20）A.call on scientists to take some actions.B.criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.C.warn of the doom of biomedical research.D.show the triumph of the animal rights movemen
24、t.(2).Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is（分数：0.20）A.cruel but natural.B.inhuman and unacceptable.C.inevitable but vicious.D.pointless and wasteful.(3). The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public s（分数：0.20）A.discontent with animal research.B.ignoranc
25、e about medical science.C.indifference to epidemics.D.anxiety about animal rights.(4).The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should（分数：0.20）A.communicate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in research.C.feel no shame for their cause.D.stri
26、ve to develop new cures.(5).a well-known humanist.（分数：0.20）A.a medical practitioner.B.an enthusiast in animal rights.C.a supporter of animal research.Late Victorian and modern ideas of culture are always, in some sense, attributed to Matthew Arnold, who, largely through his Culture and Anarchy (1869
27、) , placed the word at the center of debates about the goals of intellectual life and humanistic society. Arnold defined culture as “the pursuit of total perfection by means of getting to know, on all matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world“. It was Arnol
28、ds hope that, through this knowledge, we can turn “a fresh and free thought upon our stock notions and habits“. Although Arnolds thinking about culture helped to define the purposes of the liberal arts curriculum in the century following the publication of Culture, three concrete forms of disagreeme
29、nt with Arnolds views have had considerable impact of their own. The first can be seen as protesting Arnolds fearful destination of “anarchy“ as cultures enemy. This division seems to set up simply one more version of the old struggle between a privileged power structure and radical challenges to it
30、s authority. Arnold certainly tried to define the arch-the lawful order of value-against what he saw as the an-arch existentialist democracy, yet he himself was annoyed in his soul by the blind pride of the reactionary powers in his world. Another form of opposition saw Arnolds culture as an absurd
31、perpetuation of classical and literary learning, outlook, and privileges in a world where science had become the new arch and from which any really new order of thinking must develop. At the center of the “two cultures“ debate were the goals of the formal curriculum in the educational system, which
32、is always taken to be the principal vehicle through which Arnoldian culture operates. However, Arnold himself had viewed culture as enacting its life in a much more broadly conceived set of institutions. Today, however, Arnoldian culture is sustained, if indirectly, by multiculturalism, a movement a
33、imed largely at gaining recognition for voices and visions that Arnoldian culture has implicitly suppressed. At the level of educational practice, the multiculturalists are interested in lessening the arbitrary authority that “high culture“ exercises over the curriculum while bringing into play the
34、principle that we must learn what is representative, for we have overemphasized what is exceptional. The multiculturalists conflict with Arnoldian culture has clear similarities to the radical critique; yet multiculturalism affirms Arnold by returning us more specifically to a tension inherent in th
35、e idea of culture rather than to the culture-anarchy division. The social critics, defenders of science, and multiculturalists insist that Arnolds culture is simply a device for ordering us about. Instead, it is designed to register the gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon. There is no uto
36、pian motive in Arnolds celebration of perfection. The idea of perfection mattered to Arnold as the only background against which we could form a just image of our actual circumstances, just as we can conceive finer sunsets and unheard melodies. This capacity which all humans possess, Arnold made the
37、 foundation and authority of culture. （分数：1.00）(1).The text is chiefly aimed at（分数：0.20）A.arguing against the views in opposition to Arnolds ideas.B.describing Arnolds conception of culture and education.C.tracing Arnolds influence on the liberal arts education.D.interpreting Arnolds pursuit of shee
38、r perfection of culture.(2).Arnold would most likely disagree with the statement that（分数：0.20）A.the capacity to conceive is the foundation of culture.B.culture operates in a wide array of social institutions.C.the traditional curriculum should be duly reformed.D.the anarchy culture is a type of defi
39、ance against the authority.(3). In refuting Arnolds opponents, the author employs all of the following techniques EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.disclosing the paradoxical nature of arguments against Arnolds culture.B.presenting evidence conflicting with the opponents opinions.C.asserting the opposite views to be
40、 oversimplifications of the facts.D.drawing analogies between opponents claims and other false ideas.(4). We can infer from the text that the two-culture debate（分数：0.20）A.emerged as a reaction to the multiculturalist movement.B.developed after the publication of Culture and Anarchy.C.influenced Arno
41、lds thinking about culture and society.D.was carried on by both American and European culturists.(5).Which of the following statements about multiculturalists is NOT supported by the text?（分数：0.20）A.They affirm Arnolds thesis through their opposition to his culture.B.They protest Arnolds designation
42、 of anarchy as cultures enemy.C.They seek to suppress the voices and visions of Arnolds allies.D.They oppose the pursuit of perfection in schools of higher education.Its a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn do
43、wn the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes. Feeling threatened, compa
44、nies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might-surprise! - fall off. The label on a childs Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to
45、 fly.“ While warnings are often appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug interactions, for example-and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the compa
46、nies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president
47、 of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “Were really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,“ says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the natur
48、e of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athletes injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute-a group of judge, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dan
49、gers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,“ says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal li
