1、考研英语 113及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous
2、 structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patien
3、ts he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contr
4、ast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made another startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to
5、propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：1.00）(1).For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain
6、as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax,
7、 claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the le
8、ft frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contrast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made anot
9、her startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：0.05）A.inventedB.imaginedC.thoughtD.speculatedA.coolB.chillC.filterD.purifyA.aboveB.underC.beneathD.behindA.anyhowB.howeverC.consequentlyD.notwithstan
10、dingA.onB.toC.atD.withA.proposedB.exploredC.suspendedD.suspectedA.anonymousB.eloquentC.obscureD.eccentricA.defectB.lossC.failureD.descentA.correlatedB.cooperatedC.respondedD.involvedA.drasticallyB.dramaticallyC.curiouslyD.dubiouslyA.reactionsB.reflectionsC.phenomenaD.symptomsA.toB.inC.onD.ofA.analyz
11、edB.prescribedC.representedD.disclosedA.itB.thatC.whichD.whatA.flareB.wearC.shareD.bearA.achievementB.discoveryC.researchD.contributionA.hypothesisB.illustrationC.breakthroughD.penetrationA.setB.fedC.letD.ledA.howB.whatC.whyD.whenA.paralleledB.arrangedC.allocatedD.dispersed二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数
12、：1.00)1. Read the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) state its main idea, and 3) give your comment. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Read the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which y
13、ou should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) state its main idea, and 3) give your comment. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)We have to realise how old, how very old, we are. Nations are classified as “aged“ when they have
14、 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this. Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe. We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society app
15、roximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be- at least, for any future that concerns us now. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognised. There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high
16、proportion of the old is births rather than deaths. There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio- the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can-is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, becau
17、se lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged. There is the appreciation of the historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change. If “revolution“ is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the s
18、ociety counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50. Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. These
19、facts and circumstances had a leading position at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birth rate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than becaus
20、e of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. But too much of that
21、 lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it. If you are in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are now, of course
22、, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, really aged societies may include（分数：0.20）A.all developed nations without exception.B.every one of Western European countries.C.Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.D.Sweden, Switzerla
23、nd, and the United States.(2).The author argues that the main cause of aged societies is（分数：0.20）A.not so much the decrease in deathrate as the fall in birthrate.B.no more the increase in birthrate than that in deathrate.C.not the drop in deathrate any more than the rise in birthrate.D.as much the g
24、rowth in birthrate as the decline in deathrate.(3).The author asserts his belief that（分数：0.20）A.the growth in number of the old is liable for the fall in that of the young.B.the unusual statement about the main cause of aged societies is quite valid.C.the greater dependency of babies is subject to t
25、he change in social structure.D.the favorable conditions for continued living are perfect in modern societies.(4).Older societies are superior to younger ones in that（分数：0.20）A.old people are more dependent than babies.B.children are more handicapped than the aged.C.the inactive aged are more reliab
26、le than children.D.infants are more of a handicap than the elderly.(5).The writer is most probably in favor of the statement that（分数：0.20）A.an advanced society is to suffer a gradual change from young to old.B.people near 60 in developed societies may witness social reshaping.C.the world conference
27、about aging was held as a challenge to current policy.D.a man aged thirty can expect to live up to sixty, and a woman still longer.Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton suppos
28、edly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didnt they fall out
29、 of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newto
30、n did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and
31、 dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method“ a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conferences where a scien
32、tist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said“ the data are still inconclusive.“ “We know that,“ the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What
33、 do you think we might expect?“ The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but
34、has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and
35、 cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to
36、 a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls“ among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers “who work well with the team.“ （分数：1.00）(1).The author wants to p
37、rove with the example of Isaac Newton that_.（分数：0.25）A.inquiring minds are more important than scientific experimentsB.science advances when fruitful researches are conductedC.scientists seldom forget the essential nature of researchD.unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific resear
38、ch(2).The author asserts that scientists _.（分数：0.25）A.shouldnt replace “scientific method“ with imaginative thoughtB.shouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable thingsC.should write more concise reports for technical journalsD.should be confident about their research findings(3).It seems that som
39、e young scientists_.（分数：0.25）A.have a keen interest in predictionB.often speculate on the futureC.think highly of creative thinkingD.stick to “scientific method“(4).The author implies that the results of scientific research_.（分数：0.25）A.may not be as profitable as they are expectedB.can be measured i
40、n dollars and centsC.rely on conformity to a standard patternD.are mostly underestimated by managementWith the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporations news coverage ,as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and
41、viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport ,comedy ,drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, childrens programmes and films for an annual licenee fee of 83
42、 per household. It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 yearsyet the BBCs future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate
43、 in Britain. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC including ordinary listeners and viewersto say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBCs royal cha
44、rter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes. Defenders of the Corporationof whom there are manyare fond of quoting the American slogan “If it aint broke, dont fix it. “The BBC “ aint broke“ ,they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as
45、distinct from the word broke ,meaning having no money), so why bother to change it? Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channelsITV and Channel 4were required by the Thatcher Governments Broadcasting Act to become more commercial,
46、competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channelsfunded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptionswhich will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. （分数：1.00）(1).The world famous BBC now faces_.（分数：0.25）A.t
47、he problem of news coverageB.an uncertain prospectC.inquiries by the general publicD.shrinkage of audience(2). In the passage ,which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?（分数：0.25）A.Extension of its TV service to Far East.B.Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate
48、.C.Potentials for further international co-operations.D.Its existence as a broadcasting organization.(3). The BBCs “royal charter“ ( line 4, paragraph 4) stands for_.（分数：0.25）A.the financial support from the royal familyB.the privileges granted by the QueenC.a contract with the QueenD.a unique relat
49、ionship with the royal family(4).The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than_.（分数：0.25）A.the emergence of commercial TV channelsB.the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the governmentC.the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobsD.the challenge of new satellite channelsWhat our society
