1、考研英语 111及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his f
2、amily -|_|- he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also
3、 need money to construct irrigation -|_|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this ki
4、nd are not -|_|- obtainable. If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family -|_|- he produces a surplus. He
5、must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation -|
6、_|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this kind are not -|_|- obtainable.（分数：1.00）A
7、.other thanB.as well asC.instead ofD.more than二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.In the essay you should 1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) In the essay you should 1)descri
8、be the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)U.S. prisons are filled with drug offenders; the number of prisoners tripled over the past 20 years
9、to nearly 2 million, with 60 to 70 per cent testing positive for substance abuse on arrest. The country has spent billions of dollars attacking the problem at its roots. But there is growing consensus that the “war on drug“ has been lost. The United States is still the worlds largest consumer of ill
10、egal substances; cocaine continues to pour over the border from Mexico. “Traffic“ taps into the national frustration, depicting the horrors of both drugs and the drug war. Without taking sides, the film illuminates the national debate and poses on alternative that Americans seem increasingly willing
11、 to consider: finding new ways to treat, rather than merely punish, drug abuse. Policy revolutionslike legalizing narcotics (drugs producing sleep or insensibility) remain a distant dream. But there is growing public awareness that the money and energy wasted on trying to check the flow of drugs int
12、o the United States might be better spent on trying to control demand instead. Voters in several states are far ahead of the politicians, approving ballot initiatives that offer more treatment opinions. “Drugs courts“ that allow judges to use carrots and sticks to compel substance-abuse treatment ha
13、ve grown fifty-fold since the mid-1990s, part of a new understanding that, even with frequent relapses( returns to a formal state), treatment is much less expensive for society than jail and ban. Drug addiction is increasingly being viewed as more a disease than a crime. Science is yielding clues ab
14、out the “hedonic (of pleasure ) region“ of the brain, while breakthrough medications and greater understanding of the mental-health problems that underlie many addictions are giving therapists new tools. Officials across the Continent have already begun shifting their focus from preventing drug flow
15、 to rehabilitating (making able to live a normal life again) drug users. The new European Union Drugs Strategy for 2000-2004 makes a commitment to increasing the number of successfully treated addicts. Gemany, Italy and Luxembourg have transferred responsibility for drug policy from their Ministries
16、 of the Interior to the Ministries of Health or Social Affairs. In Britain, the government has set up a National Treatment Agency to coordinate the efforts of social-service agencies and the Department of Health. And drug-prevention and support agencies there are getting about 30 percent more fundin
17、g this year. Changing the main national strategy from attacking drug pushers to rehabilitating addicts wont come easy. But slowly, steadily, Americans, like Europeans, seem determined to try. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, U. S. prisoners（分数：0.20）A.have increased by 2 million in number.B.are mo
18、st jailed for their drug habit.C.consist of over 1.2 million drug dealers.D.are almost all wrong substance users.(2). The word “Traffic“ in Par. 1 most probably means（分数：0.20）A.illegal trading in drugs.B.drug transport business.C.ways of smuggling drugs.D.channels of drug delivery.(3).Drug addiction
19、 is being viewed as a disease because（分数：0.20）A.scientists have got to the root of the problem.B.new medical breakthroughs have been produced.C.it usually gives rise to illnesses of the mind.D.strategy is shifting from punishment to treatment.(4).There seems to be growing awareness of（分数：0.20）A.the
20、immense expense in tackling drug problem.B.the unavoidable legalization of certain drugs.C.the illumination of the debate about drug abuse.D.the impossible elimination of drug production.(5).More and more Americans favor all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.compulsory treatment for drug addiction.B
21、.forced demand-side reduction in drugs.C.lessening the fund supply to drugs courts.D.taking reward or punishment measures.The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries w
22、ith unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?“ Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less
23、than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multin
24、ationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces beh
25、ind the massive M and if we ever find ourselves living in caves again, it (with painting and drumming)will be the only art left, after movies, novels, photography, essays ,biography, and all the rest have gone down the drainthe art to build from. Essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two
26、 sturdy poles: this is what I think, and this is what I am. Autobiographies which arent novels are generally extended essays, indeed. A personal essay is like the human voice talking, its order being the minds natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. Though more changeable or inform
27、al than an article or treatise, somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldnt be uttered in fewer words than the essayist has used. Essays dont usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a “nap“ to it, a combination of personal
28、ity and originality and energetic loose ends that stand up like the nap( 绒毛)on a piece of wool and cant be brushed flat. Essays belong to the animal kingdom, with a surface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who work
29、s in the vegetable kingdom, instead. But, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer “levels“ than fiction, because we are not supposed to argue much about their meaning. In the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a
30、bit of a teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us. An essayist doesnt have to tell the whole truth and nothing but the truth; he can shape or shave his memories, as long as the purpose is served of explaining a truthful point. A personal essay frequently i
31、s not autobiographical at alt, but what it does keep in common with autobiography is that, through its tone and tumbling progression, it conveys the quality of the authors mind. Nothing gets in the way. Because essays are directly concerned with the mind and the minds peculiarity, the very freedom t
32、he mind possesses is conferred on this branch of literature that does honor to it, and the fascination of the mind is the fascination of the essay. （分数：1.00）(1).The author asserts that the changes in readers taste（分数：0.20）A.contribute to the incompatibility of essays with stories.B.often result in u
33、nfavorable effect, to say the least.C.sometimes come to something undesirable, of course.D.usually bring about beneficial outcome, so to say.(2). The author suggests that if the Stone Age should come up again（分数：0.20）A.the art of essay-writing would lose its foundation.B.the art and literature would
34、 most totally vanish.C.the art of story-telling would remain in caves alone.D.the life of art would be thoroughly drained away.(3). The essayists main task seems to be（分数：0.20）A.the implied revelation and description of the truth.B.the free depiction and modification of their memories.C.the frank co
35、nfession of what is concealed in their mind.D.the communication of their striking thoughts to readers.(4).Essays are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.careful arrangement and organization of chief ideas.B.remarkable concision and meaningful presentation.C.improbable condensation
36、 to any shorter accounts.D.flashes of wit and enlightenment of argumentation.(5).What chiefly distinguishes essays from articles may be in（分数：0.20）A.the different amount of words used in representation.B.the acute sensibility and keen insight of essayists.C.the distinction between animal and vegetab
37、le worlds.D.the variation of arguments about their meanings.四、Part B(总题数：1，分数：20.00)3.You are a college graduate in Law. Write a letter to a law office to apply for a position, which should include: 1) the position of your application, 2) the reason of your interest in the job, 3) your related knowl
38、edge, skills and experience. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming“ instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) You are a college graduate in Law. Write a letter to a law office to apply for a position, which s
39、hould include: 1) the position of your application, 2) the reason of your interest in the job, 3) your related knowledge, skills and experience. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming“ instead. You do not need to write the add
40、ress. (10 points) （分数：20.00）_五、Part C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A large proportion of the studies of behavior used animals as subjects, especially pigeons, rats, and rabbits. There are a number of reasons why researchers in this field frequently choose to conduct their experiments with nonhuman subjects. First
41、 of all, the possibility of a placebo effect is minimized with animal subjects. 46)Whereas a human subjects behavior may be drastically altered by the knowledge that he or she is being observed, this is unlikely with animal subjects because most studies with animal subjects are conducted in such a w
42、ay that the animal does not know its behavior is being monitored and recorded. Furthermore, it is unlikely that an animal subject will be motivated either to please or displease the experimenter, a motive that can ruin a study with human subjects. A second reason for using animal subjects is conveni
43、ence. The species most commonly used as subjects are easy and inexpensive to care for, and animals of a specific age and sex can be obtained in any quantities the experimenter needs. 47)Once animal subjects are obtained, their participation is as regular as the experimenters-animal subjects never fa
44、il to show up for their appointments, which is unfortunately not the case with human subjects. 48) Probably the biggest advantage of domesticated animal subjects is that their environment can be controlled to a much greater extent than is possible with either wild animals or human subjects. This is
45、especially important in experiments on learning, where previous experience can have a large effect on a subjects performance in a new learning situation. Likewise, if a human subject tries to solve some mystery as part of a learning experiment, the experimenter cannot be sure how many similar proble
46、ms the subject has encountered in his lifetime. 49) When animals are bred and raised in the laboratory, however, their environments can be constructed to make sure that they have no contact with objects or events similar to those they will encounter in the experiment. A final reason for using animal
47、 subjects is that of comparative simplicity. 50)Just as a child trying to learn electricity is better off starting with a flashlight than a radio, researchers may have a better chance of discovering the basic principles of learning by examining creatures that are less intelligent and less complex th
48、an human beings The assumption here is that although human beings differ from other animals in some respects, they are also similar in some respects, and it is these commonalities that can be investigated with animal subjects. （分数：10.00）(1).A large proportion of the studies of behavior used animals as subjects, especially pigeons, rats
