1、考研英语 106及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during the
2、 period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English populion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is generall
3、y thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. Until recently most histori
4、ans spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English popu
5、lion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the
6、period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. （分数：1.00）A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. 1) describe the set of drawings, inte
7、rpret its meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (
8、20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the obs
9、ervation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you dont is a fatal mi
10、stake, to which we are all liable. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary to your own makes
11、 you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shak
12、es your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyo
13、nd what the evidence justifies. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. This has one advantage, and only one, ascompared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is n
14、ot subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi (圣雄甘地) considered it unfortunate to have railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion
15、, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in
16、refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent. （分数：1.00）(1).The author intends to tel
17、l us that（分数：0.20）A.human beings, including those of genius, are liable to foolish errors.B.people can avoid silly mistakes unless they observe common rules.C.it needs average intelligence for us to keep away from silly opinions.D.foolish opinions usually occur to those who rarely commit big mistake
18、s.(2).The example of Aristotle is used to indicate that（分数：0.20）A.observation hinders people from any mistakes.B.great men advance false arguments occasionally.C.primitive apparatuses hamper precise observation.D.realistic investigations are vital to sound judgments.(3).Most people are unlikely to b
19、e subject to silly errors（分数：0.20）A.when they do not violate the rules of observation and imagination.B.if they refute their opponents opinions in a fairly reasonable way.C.unless they are convinced of their unjustifiable knowledge of things.D.until they reconcile with their opponents through imagin
20、ary dialogue(4).According to the text, it is true that（分数：0.20）A.there are various ways to rectify false beliefs in many matters.B.our irritation at opposite views proves our unconvincingness.C.fierce controversies reveal the incapacity to win either side.D.we should firmly defend our belief as it e
21、ncounters any challenge.(5).The author tries to convince us of the fact that（分数：0.20）A.an imaginary argument with opponents may avoid foolish errors.B.Mahatma Gandhi foresaw the harm caused by modern technology.C.an opponents views can be verified by considering Gandhis arguments.D.we have to agree
22、with actual opponents who offer reasonable opinions.We sometimes hear that essays are an old-fashioned form. that so-and-so is the “last essayist“, but the facts of the marketplace argue quite otherwise. Essays of nearly any kind are so much easier than short stories for a writer to sell, so many mo
23、re see print, its strange that though two fine anthologies (collections)remain that publish the years best stories, no comparable collection exists for essays. Such changes in the reading publics taste arent always to the good, needless to say. The art of telling stories predated even cave painting,
24、 surely; and if we ever find ourselves living in caves again, it (with painting and drumming)will be the only art left, after movies, novels, photography, essays ,biography, and all the rest have gone down the drainthe art to build from. Essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two sturdy p
25、oles: this is what I think, and this is what I am. Autobiographies which arent novels are generally extended essays, indeed. A personal essay is like the human voice talking, its order being the minds natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. Though more changeable or informal than a
26、n article or treatise, somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldnt be uttered in fewer words than the essayist has used. Essays dont usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a “nap“ to it, a combination of personality and o
27、riginality and energetic loose ends that stand up like the nap( 绒毛)on a piece of wool and cant be brushed flat. Essays belong to the animal kingdom, with a surface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who works in the
28、vegetable kingdom, instead. But, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer “levels“ than fiction, because we are not supposed to argue much about their meaning. In the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a bit of a
29、teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us. An essayist doesnt have to tell the whole truth and nothing but the truth; he can shape or shave his memories, as long as the purpose is served of explaining a truthful point. A personal essay frequently is not aut
30、obiographical at alt, but what it does keep in common with autobiography is that, through its tone and tumbling progression, it conveys the quality of the authors mind. Nothing gets in the way. Because essays are directly concerned with the mind and the minds peculiarity, the very freedom the mind p
31、ossesses is conferred on this branch of literature that does honor to it, and the fascination of the mind is the fascination of the essay. （分数：1.00）(1).The author asserts that the changes in readers taste（分数：0.20）A.contribute to the incompatibility of essays with stories.B.often result in unfavorabl
32、e effect, to say the least.C.sometimes come to something undesirable, of course.D.usually bring about beneficial outcome, so to say.(2). The author suggests that if the Stone Age should come up again（分数：0.20）A.the art of essay-writing would lose its foundation.B.the art and literature would most tot
33、ally vanish.C.the art of story-telling would remain in caves alone.D.the life of art would be thoroughly drained away.(3). The essayists main task seems to be（分数：0.20）A.the implied revelation and description of the truth.B.the free depiction and modification of their memories.C.the frank confession
34、of what is concealed in their mind.D.the communication of their striking thoughts to readers.(4).Essays are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.careful arrangement and organization of chief ideas.B.remarkable concision and meaningful presentation.C.improbable condensation to any s
35、horter accounts.D.flashes of wit and enlightenment of argumentation.(5).What chiefly distinguishes essays from articles may be in（分数：0.20）A.the different amount of words used in representation.B.the acute sensibility and keen insight of essayists.C.the distinction between animal and vegetable worlds
36、.D.the variation of arguments about their meanings.In a competitive economy, the consumer usually has the choice of several different brands of the same product. Yet underneath their labels, these products are often nearly identical. One manufacturers toothpaste tends to differ very little from anot
37、her manufacturers. Two different brands of shampoo may vary only in scent or color. And the tobacco in two different brands of cigarettes frequently comes from the same fields. This close similarity means that a shopper often has little reason to choose one brand over another. Thus, manufacturers ar
38、e confronted with a problem-how to keep sales high enough to stay in business. Manufacturers solve this problem by advertising. Through advertising, each manufacturing company tries to convince consumers that its product is special. To do this ,the companies try to appeal to consumers in various way
39、s. In fact, advertisements may be classified into three types according to the kind of appeals they use. One type of advertisement tries to appeal to the consumers reasoning mind. It may offer a claim that seems scientific. For example, it may say that dentists recommend Flash toothpaste, or it may
40、declare that Woof dog food contains a special, vitamin-rich ingredient known as K-9, or it may report that laboratory tests show that R. I. P. cigarettes contain fewer harmful ingredients than other brands. In selling a product, the truth of advertising may be less important than the appearance of t
41、ruth. A scientific approach gives the appearance of truth. Another type of advertisement tries to amuse the potential buyer. Products that are essentially boring, such as cleaning powder or insecticide, are often advertised in an amusing manner. One way of doing this is to make the products appear a
42、live. The advertiser may draw little cartoon eyes, arms, and legs on the cans of cleaning powder and have the resulting figures scrub the sink. Ads of this sort are silly, but advertisers believe that consumers are likely to remember and buy the products that the consumers associate with fun. Associ
43、ating the product with something pleasant is the technique of the third type of appeal. In this class are ads that suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desires. One such desire is the wish to be admired by other people. Many automobile advertisements are in this category. They impl
44、y that other people will admire you-may even be jealous-when they see you driving the hot, new Aardvark car. This kind of appeal is sometimes strengthened by hiring a famous person to endorse the product. Seeing the famous person, the consumer is supposed to reason thus: Everyone admires Judson Smit
45、h the great football star. Judson Smith used Buckworthy Bank travelers checks. Therefore, if I use Buckworthy Bank travelers checks, everyone will admire me too. Some other basic desires that ads commonly try to appeal to are the desires for social acceptance ,financial security, and so on. One only
46、 needs to look through a magazine or watch an hour of TV in order to see examples of these three different advertising strategies. （分数：1.00）(1).Manufacturers take to advertising primarily（分数：0.20）A.to provide dependable information about their goods.B.to demonstrate distinctive features of their pro
47、ducts.C.to create a superior brand to other brands.D.to enhance marketability of their products.(2). The scientific approach of advertising appeal is（分数：0.20）A.to recommend products scientifically superior to others.B.to make scientific statements to attract potential buyers.C.to impress consumers w
48、ith scientific truth about the product.D.to associate laboratory findings with the ingredients of the product.(3).The best title for this text would be（分数：0.20）A.Ways and Means to Push Sales.B.Helpful Hints for Effective Advertisement.C.Consumer Psychology Approach in AdvertisingD.Some Appealing Advertising Techniques.(4).The author is probably in favor of the statement that（分数：0.20）A.diverse brands of identical products make consumer
