1、考研英语 104及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha
2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla
3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha
4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate
6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Outline: 1) present situation 2) necessity of the project 3) my suggestionOutline: 1) present situation 2) necessity of the project 3) my suggestion（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)A “greenhouse effect“ will raise the eart
8、hs temperature enough by the year 2100 to cause dramatic climate changes, increase sea levels and disrupt food production, United States scientists said this week. The earths atmosphere is heating at a rate that could mean temperature rises of two degrees centigrade by the middle of the 21st century
9、 and five degrees centigrade by the year 2100, according to a report issued by the US governments Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). “Substantial increases in global warming may occur sooner than most of us would like to believe,“ the EPA said. The agency said the first effects might be felt as
10、early as 1990, because temperatures would be rising more than seven times faster each decade between now and the year 2100 than they had been for the past 100 years. “Temperature increases are likely to be accompanied by dramatic changes in precipitation and storm patterns and a rise in global avera
11、ge sea level,“ the EPA report said. “As a result,“ the agency said, “agricultural conditions will be significantly altered, environmental and economic systems potentially disrupted.“ The EPA report said the burning of fossil fuels was directly responsible for most of the atmosphere build-up of carbo
12、n dioxide but the current concentration is so great that even a worldwide ban on the use of such fuels would delay the warming effect for only a few years. “A warmer climate will raise sea levels by heating and expanding the worlds oceans and causing glaciers to melt,“ the EPA said. The agency estim
13、ated that sea levels could rise anything between 48 to 380 cm in the next 120 years. “An increase of even 48 cm could flood or cause storm damage to many of the major ports of the world, disrupt transportation networks, alter underwater ecology systems and cause major shifts in land development patt
14、erns.“ One study cited in the report suggested that if the average global temperature rose by 2.5 degrees centigrade, regional climatic conditions might be similar to those during the last interglacial period 120,000 years ago. During this period, oceans were five to seven metres higher than todays,
15、 flooding the shores of Europe and western Siberia and making Scandinavia an island. The agency said that while the warming trend could have some beneficial effects, such as reducing heating costs and improving climate and growing seasons in some parts of the world, there would be difficulty in redi
16、recting national economies to adapt to the new climate patterns. The EPA said it seemed unlikely that the nations of the world would reach a consensus on step to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Instead, it urged more research on the greenhouse effect and stressed the need for better planning to cop
17、e with the changes the warming trend is expected to produce. （分数：1.00）(1).As a result of the rising of the earths temperature, by 2100（分数：0.20）A.a greenhouse effect will occur drastically.B.worlds climate will defy inhabitation.C.agriculture will be thrown into disorder.D.most coastal cities will be
18、 submerged.(2). Which of the following is included in the EPA report?（分数：0.20）A.The greenhouse theory seems controversial.B.World temperature will rise by 7 in 100 years.C.Most people anticipate slow global warming.D.The global warming rate may be underestimated.(3).Which of the points below is NOT
19、given in the news report?（分数：0.20）A.After all, people will benefit much from the greenhouse effect.B.World nations disagree on ways to lessen CO2 discharge.C.Further study on warming effect is strongly recommended.D.Elaborate designing for tackling greenhouse problem is emphasized.(4).The report say
20、s that if the use of fossil fuels were banned（分数：0.20）A.the earth might cease getting warmer perceivably.B.the earth would slow its pace of warming evenly.C.the warming process would be affected slightly.D.the warming trend would be checked gradually.(5).The EPA warns us that unless the rise in the
21、earths temperature were restrained,（分数：0.20）A.the continents would be flooded within a century.B.economic inadaptation would be inescapable.C.world climate would return to that of the Ice Age.D.Europe would sink to the bottom of the Atlantic.Modern technology and science have produced a wealth of ne
22、w materials and new ways of using old materials. For the artist this means wider opportunities. There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a mans work. Observe how the development of plastics and light metals along with new methods of welding has
23、changed the direction of sculpture. Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object, to see its various sides superimposed on each other (as in Cubism or in an X-ray). Today, welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past. This new method encourages open designs, where surround
24、ing and intervening space becomes as important as form itself. More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modern artists, but no less influential, are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers, discoveries that have infiltrated recent art, especially Surrealism (超现实主义).
25、The Surrealists, in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life, claimed that dreams were the only hope. Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious, they banished all time barriers and moral judgments to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past, pres
26、ent and intervening psychological states. The Surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms. Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences. For them, obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional messages of Ex
27、pressionism. They did not need to smash paint and canvas; they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought. There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life. In a period when science has made revolutionary strides, artists in their studios have
28、not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories. But this has rarely been a one-way street. Painters and sculptors, though admittedly influenced by modern science, have also molded and changed our world. If break-up has been a vital part of their expression, it has not always been a symbol of d
29、estruction. Quite the contrary: it has been used to examine more fully, to penetrate more deeply, to analyze more thoroughly, to enlarge, isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier we were apt to neglect. In addition, it sometimes provides rich multiple experiences so organi
30、zed as not merely to reflect our world, but in fact to interpret it. （分数：1.00）(1).We learn from the text that artistic creations（分数：0.20）A.can be seen as the reflection of the material world.B.seem to be incapable of escaping material advances.C.are said to have made great strides scientifically.D.a
31、ppear to be the reproductions of modern technology.(2). The inventions of new materials and welding techniques（分数：0.20）A.are responsible for most of the changes in sculpture arts.B.enable sculptors to superimpose multiple sides of their designs.C.permit details of an object to be magnified and seen
32、clearly.D.provoke artists to make themselves adaptable to the surroundings.(3).The author concludes that（分数：0.20）A.contemporary art has been nourished by modern science.B.the impacts of modern art and science are actually mutual.C.destruction or break-up have been typical of modern art.D.the arts an
33、alysis of our world seems deeper than sciences.(4). The author argues that Freuds studies（分数：0.20）A.are less comprehensible than most scientific inventions.B.are more controversial than any other scientific findings.C.have imposed much interference upon contemporary arts.D.have found their expressio
34、n in the Surrealisms claims.(5).The Surrealists made every endeavor（分数：0.20）A.to transform real existence into incoherent dreams.B.to diminish all time barriers and moral judgments.C.to express their disconnected subconscious thoughts.D.to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images.Technica
35、lly, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also d
36、rugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase“ substance abuse“ is often used instead of“ drug abuse“ to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live in a societ
37、y in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? Firs
38、t of all ,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substa
39、nce required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substance
40、s are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of wa
41、ys including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic ( from the Greek word meaning“ mind-manifesting“ ) because they seemed to radically alter ones state of consciousness. （分数：1.00）(1).“Substance abuse“( Line 5, Paragraph 1 ) is preferable to“ drug abuse“ in that
42、_.（分数：0.25）A.substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally usedB.“drug abuse“ is only related to a limited number of drug takersC.alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaineD.many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous(2). The word“ pervasive (
43、Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean_.（分数：0.25）A.widespreadB.overwhelmingC.piercingD.fashionable(3). Physical dependence on certain substances results from _.（分数：0.25）A.uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of timeB.exclusive use of them for social purposesC.quantitative application of them
44、to the treatment of diseasesD.careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms(4). From the last paragraph we can infer that _.（分数：0.25）A.stimulants function positively on the mindB.hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to healthC.depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substancesD.the t
45、hree types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsThe Supreme Court s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assis
46、ted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that
47、 principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who“ until now have very,
48、very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.“ George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“ he sa
