1、考研英语 103及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Mental models guide our perceptions and help us make predictions. Most of our mental models are built 1 the structure of our nervous systems, and we are usually 2 of them. We 3 the world not according to direct knowledge of reality,
2、but according to mental models, which people often mistake 4 reality. For example, we all share a built-in mental model that the world is continuous, 5 our eyes tell us differently. This built-in mental model tells us what to “see“ in a part of the eye that doesnt 6 see anything. This “blind spot“ m
3、odel causes us to 7 made-up information (a continuation of surrounding patterns ) and 8 that if we look at a previously hidden spot, it will look like its 9 . Not all mental models are built in; some we learn or 10 . For example, most people believe that the automobiles driving down the street will
4、not turn 11 the sidewalk and hit pedestrians. If we believe 12 , we would act like 13 squirrels, always stopping to look around and proceeding 14 no automobiles were operating nearby. We use mental models of our surroundings to perceive what we believe to be 15 and to predict what may happen. These
5、mental models 16 to our surroundings-we have mental models of objects ,of the environment ,and of other people-and to our own capabilities and 17 All of our mental models are, unfortunately, approximations 18 in the lump of nervous tissue we call the brain. Sophisticated 19 the brain is, it is very
6、small and simple compared with the 20 of the outside world. （分数：1.00）(1). Mental models guide our perceptions and help us make predictions. Most of our mental models are built 1 the structure of our nervous systems, and we are usually 2 of them. We 3 the world not according to direct knowledge of re
7、ality, but according to mental models, which people often mistake 4 reality. For example, we all share a built-in mental model that the world is continuous, 5 our eyes tell us differently. This built-in mental model tells us what to “see“ in a part of the eye that doesnt 6 see anything. This “blind
8、spot“ model causes us to 7 made-up information (a continuation of surrounding patterns ) and 8 that if we look at a previously hidden spot, it will look like its 9 . Not all mental models are built in; some we learn or 10 . For example, most people believe that the automobiles driving down the stree
9、t will not turn 11 the sidewalk and hit pedestrians. If we believe 12 , we would act like 13 squirrels, always stopping to look around and proceeding 14 no automobiles were operating nearby. We use mental models of our surroundings to perceive what we believe to be 15 and to predict what may happen.
10、 These mental models 16 to our surroundings-we have mental models of objects ,of the environment ,and of other people-and to our own capabilities and 17 All of our mental models are, unfortunately, approximations 18 in the lump of nervous tissue we call the brain. Sophisticated 19 the brain is, it i
11、s very small and simple compared with the 20 of the outside world. （分数：0.05）A.byB.forC.intoD.onA.independentB.insensitiveC.unawareD.unobservantA.unlessB.whenC.ifD.thoughA.finallyB.ultimatelyC.basicallyD.actuallyA.discloseB.perceiveC.conceiveD.conveyA.advocatesB.verifiesC.predictsD.preachesA.backgrou
12、ndsB.surroundingsC.circumstancesD.environmentsA.make outB.make upC.work outD.work upA.overB.acrossC.intoD.ontoA.steadilyB.firmlyC.otherwiseD.crosswiseA.dazzledB.agitatedC.amusedD.frightenedA.only thatB.only ifC.except thatD.if onlyA.exploreB.interpretC.analyzeD.conquerA.trueB.genuineC.logicalD.virtu
13、alA.applyB.complyC.supplyD.implyA.fantasiesB.efficienciesC.proficienciesD.tendenciesA.containedB.rootedC.involvedD.buriedA.thatB.asC.ifD.soA.necessitiesB.infinitiesC.complexitiesD.perplexitiesA.withB.aboutC.byD.for二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Study the following picture carefully and write an e
14、ssay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its meaning,and 3) state your plan to do so. You should write about 160 -200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret i
15、ts meaning,and 3) state your plan to do so. You should write about 160 -200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood an
16、d drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating, But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesnt help that building a big, pow
17、erful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypts leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam. But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for
18、example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftall in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europ
19、e, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in Ind
20、ia, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed. Proper, scien
21、tific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientif
22、ic. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved. （分数：1.00）(1). The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that _.（分数：0.25）A.people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB.the blind could be happier than the sightedC.over-excited people tend to ne
23、glect vital thingsD.fascination makes people tend to neglect vital things(2). In paragraph 5, “the powerless“ probably refers to _.（分数：0.25）A.areas short of electricityB.dams without power stationsC.poor countries around IndiaD.common people in the Narmada Dam area(3). What is the myth concerning gi
24、ant dams? _.（分数：0.25）A.They bring in more fertile soil.B.They help defend the country.C.They strengthen international ties.D.They have universal control of the waters.(4).What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as _.（分数：0.25）A.“Its no use crying over spilt milk“B.“More haste, less s
25、peed“C.“Look before you leap“D.“He who laughs last laughs best“Its a funny thing, happiness. People refer to it as something they want, something missing, as if it could be secured if they only knew where to find it. Lack of it is blamed on past relationships and hope for it placed on future lovers.
26、 Desire for it becomes a restless quest. Yet over and again in therapy, it is clear that a hungry pursuit for the illusive state of happiness only ends in frustration and yet more unhappiness. When I ask a man whos just turned 40 and wants to try psychotherapy to tell me about the disappointments he
27、 mentions, he reels off a list: a love affair that lost its zest; a work project ruined by a colleague; a holiday spoiled by the weather; a plan halted by ill health. All were potential routes to happiness. And it is this endless feeling of things being spoilt that makes him feel let down by life an
28、d unhappy. He tells me that he had been a willful child. He was, he says, spoilt rotten by very loving parents. They had suffered much hardship in their own lives, and when hard work and good luck made them well off, they decided that he, their only son, would have all they had lacked, and more. He
29、had wanted for nothing. Yet this came with a cost. For having everything on a plate before he had even developed an appetite had robbed him of the chance to reach and struggle for something meaningful and of his very own. There had never been an empty space he had enjoyed working to fill. Little won
30、der he was unable to remain attached to anything or anyone after frustration set in. Working through difficulty simply hadnt ever been asked of him. While hopefully a by-product of developing emotional maturity, happiness was not, I told him, a specific therapeutic aim. But therapy could offer the c
31、hallenge to stay with, and so gradually understand, the meaning of his unhappiness, rather than bolting when the going got rough. The notion that we can uncover a meaning within our suffering supports the whole therapeutic venture. By working towards understanding the reasons for his disappointments
32、, this man had the chance to begin reshaping his own life journey. This was unlikely to give him happiness as a “given constant“, but could enable him to develop something far more important. As C. G. Jung, the founder of Analytical Psychology, said:“ The principal aim of psychotherapy is not to tra
33、nsport the patient to an impossible state of happiness, but to help him acquire steadfastness and philosophic patience in the face of suffering. Life demands for its completion and fulfillment a balance between joy and sorrow.“ （分数：1.00）(1).The author argues that happiness is（分数：0.20）A.fascinating.B
34、.fantasticC.ridiculous.D.queer.(2).It is a usual ease with happiness that（分数：0.20）A.it is generally considered securable.B.it is commonly attributed to destiny.C.it often falls short of expectation.D.it routinely seems encouraging.(3) The psychoanalyst affirms that psychotherapy（分数：0.20）A.represents
35、 happiness as its by-product.B.calls for full comprehension of happiness.C.stresses deep analysis of misfortunes.D.aims at complete realization of real life.(4). The patients unhappiness results primarily from his（分数：0.20）A.disappointment in love.B.affluent circumstances.C.indifference towards work.
36、D.inability to face frustration.(5).The phrase “remain attached to“ (Par. 4) most probably means continue to（分数：0.20）A.be fond of.B.be eager for.C.be restricted to.D.be affiliated to.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, b
37、oring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingl
38、y populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our su
39、bway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians
40、can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a spec
41、ific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 197
42、0s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly
43、 one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly
44、 changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists
45、still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：1.00）(1). Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities
46、on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our fac
47、tories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,
48、 there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with
49、less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence
