1、考研英语-试卷 82及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Punishment depends as much on politics as it does on crime: crime rates have been stabl
2、e in recent years but there“s been a striking increase in the prison population, And because populism is coming so much to (1)_ the political agendas, politicians are advocating sharp increases in penalties to take (2)_ of public unease. The question is how far this will get. In the 21st century wea
3、k governments might try to win legitimacy by being especially (3)_ on crime. That could mean high prison populations and draconian (4)_ such as those adopted in the United States in recent years. Luckily, there remain significant differences between the UK and the USA: social divisions are less extr
4、eme and racial (5)_ are not as high. (6)_ there is a great deal of minor violent crime here, rates of murder(7)_ particularly fuel public anxietiesare much (8)_ because guns have not been so widely (9)_. It“s unlikely that this will change greatly: the (10)_ to tighten up the gun laws in Britain wil
5、l continue, and all (11)_ the toughest criminals will still have a view about what is and what isn“t “acceptable violence“. So I don“t believe we will see a huge (12)_ in violent crime, but I (13)_ rates of property crime and crimes of opportunity to remain high. There will also be much more electro
6、nic fraud because it“s so hard to (14)_ and prevent. This is an important problem for business, but not one that (15)_ much popular agitation. It“s unlikely we“ll see the return of the death penalty: the police are (16)_ about its effectiveness and its reintroduction would be highly problematic (17)
7、_ the recent Council of Europe protocol outlawing its use. (18)_ punishment remains a pretty accurate temperature gauge, though: (19)_ there is significant political pressure for the death penalty, it“s a (20)_ of harsher attitudes towards crime generally.（分数：40.00）A.governB.dominateC.controlD.manip
8、ulateA.responsibilityB.placeC.measuresD.advantageA.toughB.tightC.lenientD.malignantA.convictionsB.principlesC.punishmentsD.arrangementsA.pressuresB.depressionsC.tensionsD.stressesA.BecauseB.AlthoughC.SinceD.HoweverA.whatB.thatC.whetherD.whichA.lowerB.higherC.moreD.lessA.diffusedB.dispersedC.dividedD
9、.defectedA.fashionB.directionC.trendD.orientationA.butB.thatC.onlyD.virtuallyA.changeB.riseC.dropD.declineA.expectB.supposeC.assumeD.conceiveA.scanB.monitorC.observeD.detectA.risesB.raisesC.arousesD.arisesA.suspiciousB.skepticalC.arrogantD.indignantA.givenB.providedC.concernedD.consideredA.MajorB.Cr
10、iticalC.CapitalD.SignificantA.howeverB.wheneverC.whateverD.whereverA.symbolB.signC.signatureD.symptom二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Few insects
11、 have inspired as much fear and hatred as the diminutive fire ants, less than half an inch long but living in colonies of more than 250,000 others. Everyone in the southern United States gets to know fire ants sooner or later by painful experience. Fire ants live in large earthen mounds and are true
12、 social insectsthat means they have a caste system (division of labor), with a specialized caste that lays eggs (queen) and a worker caste of sterile females. There are several reasons that they are considered pests. About 60% of people living in areas where fire ants occur are stung every year. Of
13、these, about 1% have some degree of allergic reaction (called anaphylaxis) to the sting. Their large mounds are unsightly and can damage mowing equipment. Fire ants sometimes enter electrical and mechanical equipment and can short out switches or chew through insulation. Finally. as fire ants move i
14、nto new areas, they reduce diversity of native ants and prey on larger animals such as ground-nesting birds and turtles. Even though fire ants are pests in many circumstances, they can actually be beneficial in others. There is evidence that their predatory activities can reduce the numbers of some
15、other important pests. In cotton, for example, they prey on important pests that eat cotton plants such as bollworms and budworms. In Louisiana sugarcane, an insect called the sugarcane borer used to be a very important pest before fire ants arrived and began preying on it. Fire ants also prey on ti
16、cks and fleas. Whether fire ants are considered pest or not depend on where they are found, but one thing is surewe had best get used to living with them. Eradication attempts in the 1960s and 1970s failed for a number of reasons, and scientists generally agree that complete elimination of fire ants
17、 from the United States is not possible. A new, long-term approach to reducing fire ant populations involves classical biological control. When fire ants were accidentally brought to the United States, most of their parasites and diseases were not. Classical biological control involves identifying p
18、arasites and diseases specific to fire ants in South America, testing them to be sure that they don“t attack or infect native plants or animals and establishing them in the Introduced fire ant population In the United States. Since fire ants are about 5 to 7 times more abundant here than in South Am
19、erica, scientists hope to reduce their numbers using this approach.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “caste“(paragraph 1) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.throwing.B.castle.C.rank.D.level.(2).Which of the following is a reason why fire ants are considered pests?（分数：2.00）A.They may cause possible mechanical breakd
20、owns to mowing equipment.B.A person has a 60% chance to be stung by fire ants every year.C.1% of the fire ants will cause allergic reactions to the people stung.D.They will disrupt the food chain by killing off other ants and larger animals.(3).That fire ants prey on bollworms and budworms is mentio
21、ned to show that（分数：2.00）A.pests often attack each other to maintain a balance of nature.B.fire ants are not always harmful pests in given situations.C.fire ants are stronger and fiercer than bollworms and budworms.D.pests are either harmful or beneficial to people or plants.(4).Whether fire ants ar
22、e pests or not largely depends on their（分数：2.00）A.predatory activities.B.temporal distribution.C.spreading speed.D.geographical distribution.(5).The author“s tone in talking about fire ants in the US seems to be（分数：2.00）A.critical.B.indifferent.C.fearful.D.objective.If you smoke, you“d better hurry.
23、 From July 1st pubs all over England will, by law, be no-smoking areas. So will restaurants, offices and even company cars, if more than one person uses them. England“s smokers are following a well-trodden path. The other three bits of the United Kingdom have already banned smoking in almost all enc
24、losed public spaces, and there are anti-smoking laws of varying strictness over most of Western Europe. The smoker“s journey from glamour through toleration to suspicion is finally reaching its end in pariah status. But behind this public-health success story lies a darker tale. Poorer people are mu
25、ch more likely to smoke than richer onesa change from the 1950s, when professionals and laborers were equally keen. Today only 15% of men in the highest professional classes smoke, but 42% of unskined workers do. Despite punitive taxation20 cigarettes cost around 5.00($10.00), three-quarters of whic
26、h is tax55% of single mothers on benefits smoke. The figure for homeless men is even higher; for hard-drug users it is practically 100%. The message that smoking kills has been heard, it seems, but not by all. Having defeated the big killers of the pastwant, exposure, poor sanitationgovernments all
27、over the developed world are turning their attention to diseases that stem mostly from how individuals choose to live their lives. But the same deafness afflicts the same people when they are strongly encouraged to give up other sorts of unhealthy behavior. The lower down they are on practically any
28、 pecking orderjob prestige, income, education, background-the more likely people are to be fat and unfit, and to drink too much. That tempts governments to shout ever louder in an attempt to get the public to listen and nowhere do they do so more aggressively than in Britain. One reason is that peck
29、ing orders matter more than in most other rich countries: income distribution is very unequal and the unemployed, disaffected, ill-educated rump is comparatively large. Another reason is the frustration of a government addicted to targets, which often aim not only to improve something but to lessen
30、inequality in the process. A third is that the National Health Service is free to patients, and paying for those who have arguably brought their ill-health on themselves grows alarmingly costly. Britain“s aggressiveness, however, may be pointless, even counter-productive. There is no reason to belie
31、ve that those who ignore measured voices will listen to shouting. It irritates the majority who are already behaving responsibly, and it may also undermine all government pronouncements on health by convincing people that they have an ultra-cautious margin of error built in. Such hectoring may also
32、be missing the root cause of the problem. According to Mr. Marmot, who cites research on groups as diverse as baboons in captivity, British civil servants and Oscar nominees, the higher rates of ill health among those in more modest walks of life can be attributed to what he calls the “status syndro
33、me“. People in privileged positions think they are worth the effort of behaving healthily, and find the will-power to do so. The implication is that it is easier to improve a person“s health by weakening the connection between social position and health than by targeting behavior directly. Same publ
34、ic-health experts speak of social cohesion, support for families and better education for all. These are bigger undertakings than a bossy campaign; but more effective, and quieter.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “pariah“(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.prohibition.B.strictness.C.pardon.D.puni
35、shment.(2).The author seems to be suspicious of the public-health success because（分数：2.00）A.the message that smoking kills isn“t voiced loudly enough.B.unskilled workers are more willing to pay for the heavy tax in cigarettes.C.single mothers are more likely to use their benefits to buy cigarettes.D
36、.the positive effects are yielded mostly on the richer population.(3).According to the text, why does the same deafness afflict the same people?（分数：2.00）A.Because governments all turned their attention to these people.B.Because these people are more likely to have unhealthy behaviors.C.Because these
37、 people suffer more from their poor income and education.D.Because governments always neglect the real needs of these people.(4).Which of the following is NOT a reason for Britain“s aggressiveness in the public-health campaign?（分数：2.00）A.The government is frustrated in curing smoking-related disease
38、s.B.The government is keen on eliminating social unfairness.C.The free health service proves very expensive.D.The gap between the rich and the poor is very big.(5).The author seems to believe that status syndrome may be cured（分数：2.00）A.if the measures can actually weaken the relationship between soc
39、ial position and health.B.if the government shouts louder in their campaign against diseases resulting from unhealthy habits.C.if the government helps people find a stronger will power to give up their unhealthy habits.D.ff the government undertakes bigger and more effective ad campaigns against poo
40、r education.A very important world problem, if not the most serious of all the great world problems which affect us at the moment, is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if
41、it continues to grow at its present rate. In an early survey conducted in 1888, a billion and a half people inhabited the earth. Now, the population exceeds five billion and is growing fastby the staggering figure of 90 million in 1988 alone. This means that the world must accommodate a new populati
42、on roughly equal to that of the United States and Canada every three years! Even though the rate of growth has begun to slow down, most experts believe the population size will still pass eight billion during the next 50 years. So why is this huge Increase in population taking place? It is really du
43、e to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control“. You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control“Death Control“ is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would ha
44、ve died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and sanitation, as well as the control of these deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we diecreating a population explosion. We used to think th
45、at reaching seventy years old was a remarkable achievement, but now eighty or even ninety is becoming recognized as the normal life-span for humans. In a sense, this represents a tremendous achievement for our species. Biologically this is the very definition of success and we have undoubtedly becom
46、e the dominant animal on the planet. However, this Success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind. Man is constantly destroying the very resources which keep him alive. He is destroying the balance of nature which regulates climate and the atmosphere, produces and maintains healthy soil
47、s, provides food from the seas, etc. In short, by only considering our needs of today, we are ensuring there will be no tomorrow. An understanding of man“s effect on the balance of nature is crucial to be able to find the appropriate remedial action. It is a very common belief that the problems of t
48、he population explosion are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an area is not as important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries do have an effect on their environment, but it is the populations of richer countries that have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole. The birth of a baby in, for example, Japan, imposes more than a hundred times the amount of stress on the world“s resources as a
