1、考研英语-试卷 3及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in
2、the human species. Natural (1)_ of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed (2)_ acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans (3)_ with animals. Aggression is a kind of (4)_ survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that (5)_ animals to defend themselves from threats t
3、o their existence. But, on the other hand, human violent (6)_ evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not be (7)_ reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give (8)_ to aggressive behavi
4、or. In human societies violence has a social (9)_: It is a strategy for (10)_ the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been (11)_. The violence within society is controlled through (12)_ of law. The more developed a (13)_ system becomes,
5、 the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the only (14)_ to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishment (15)_ the person wh
6、o committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and (16)_.The society assumes the responsibility for (17)_ individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for (18)_ punishment. In a state controlled l
7、egal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge (19)_ by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. (20)_ the one protects the individual form violence, the other sacrifices the i
8、ndividual to violence in the interests of the state.（分数：40.00）A.impulseB.whimC.tendencyD.spurA.inB.throughC.toD.underA.reckonB.copeC.partD.shareA.delicateB.complexC.innateD.vividA.limitsB.allowsC.restrictsD.entitlesA.offersB.marksC.showsD.reportsA.separatelyB.simplyC.generallyD.broadlyA.guideB.formC
9、.modelD.shapeA.nurtureB.gestureC.functionD.objectiveA.creatingB.adjustingC.producingD.reigningA.coordinatedB.designedC.releasedD.directedA.institutionsB.proposalsC.academies.D.enforcementsA.liableB.loyalC.legalD.logicalA.sourceB.meansC.originD.powerA.towardB.againstC.offD.uponA.dilutedB.dissolvedC.d
10、iffusedD.dispersedA.shieldingB.shiftingC.shelteringD.shatteringA.justifyingB.aggravatingC.imposingD.observingA.enhancedB.confidedC.promptedD.motivatedA.Except thatB.WhileC.Only ifD.Because二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following
11、 four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._The title of the biography The American Civil War Fighting for the Lady could hardly be more provocative. Thomas Keneally, an Australian writer, is unapologetic. In labeling a hero of the American civil war a notorious scoun
12、drel he switches the spotlight from the brave actions of Dan Sickles at the battle of Gettysburg to his earlier premeditated murder, of the lover of his young and pretty Italian-American wife, Teresa. It is not the murder itself that disgusts Mr. Keneally but Sickles“s treatment of his wife afterwar
13、ds, and how his behavior mirrored the hypocritical misogyny of 19th-century America. The murder victim, Philip Barton Key, Teresa Sickles“s lover, came from a famous old southern family. He was the nephew of the then chief justice of the American Supreme Court and the son of the writer of the countr
14、y“s national anthem. Sickles, a Tammany Hall politician in New York turned Democratic congressman in Washington, shot Key dead in 1859 at a corner of Lafayette Square, within shouting distance of the White House. But the murder trial was melodramatic, even by the standards of the day. With the help
15、of eight lawyers, Sickles was found not guilty after using the novel plea of “temporary insanity“. The country at large was just as forgiving, viewing Key“s murder as a gallant crime of passion. Within three years, Sickles was a general on the Unionist side in the American civil“ War and, as a new f
16、riend of Abraham and Mary Lincoln, a frequent sleepover guest at the White House. Mrs. Sickles was less fortunate. She was shunned by friends she had made as the wife of a rising politician. Her husband, a serial adulterer whose many mistresses included; Queen Isabella II of Spain and the madamof an
17、 industrialized New York whorehouse, refused to be seen in her company. Laura, the Sickles“s daughter, was an innocent victim of her father“s vindictiveness and eventually died of drink in the Bowery district of New York. Sickles“s bold actions at Gettysburg are, in their own way, just as controvers
18、ial. Argument continues to rage among scholars, as to whether he helped the Union to victory or nearly caused its defeat when he moved his forces out of line to occupy what he thought was better ground. James Longstreet, the Confederate general who led the attack against the new position, was in no
19、doubt about the brilliance of the move. Mr. Keneally is better known as a novelist. Here he shows himself just as adept at biography, and achieves both his main aims. He restores the reputation of Teresa Sickles, “this beautiful, pleasant and intelligent girl“, and breathes full and controversial li
20、fe into a famous military engagement.（分数：10.00）(1).Keneally“s biography is intended mainly to _.（分数：2.00）A.launch a surprise attack on Democratic congressman.B.show sympathy for an abused but reputed lady, Teresa.C.curse bitterly at the hypocrisy of notorious heroes.D.expose the true character of a
21、general in civil war.(2).The author is of the opinion that Keneally“s perspectives are _.（分数：2.00）A.insightful.B.superficial.C.biased.D.skeptical.(3).The case of Mrs Sickles“ unfortunate story is mentioned to illustrate _.（分数：2.00）A.Key“s murder solely as a gallant crime of passion.B.the controversy
22、 raised over a notorious hero.C.the brilliance of strategies as displayed by Sickles.D.the hypocritical misogyny of 19th-century America.(4).It is generally believed that Sickles shot Key, the lover of his wife _.（分数：2.00）A.to promote his popularity.B.out of an uncontrollable impulse.C.to revenge hi
23、s opponents.D.in view of the lady“s reputation.(5).This text appears to be a digest of _.（分数：2.00）A.a history textbook.B.a magazine feature.C.a book review.D.a newspaper editorial.The Tuscan town of Vinci, birthplace of Leonardo and home to a museum of his machines, should fittingly put on a show of
24、 the television-robot sculptures of Nam Jun Paik. This Korean-born American artist and the Renaissance master are kindred spirits: Leonardo saw humanistic potential in his scientific experiments, Mr. Paik endeavors to harness media technology for artistic purposes. A pioneer of video art in the late
25、 1960s, he treats television as a space for art images and as material for robots and interactive sculptures. Mr. Paik was not alone. He and fellow artists picked on the video cameras because they offered an easy way to record their performance art. Now, to mark video art“s coming of age, New York“s
26、 Museum of Modern Art is looking back at their efforts in a film series called “The First Decade“. It celebrates the early days of video by screening the archives of Electronic Arts Intermix (EAI), one of the world“s leading distributors of video and new media art, founded 30 years ago. One of EAI“s
27、 most famous alumni is Bill Viola. Part of the second generation of video artists, who emerged in the 1970s, Mr. Viola experimented with video“s expressive potential. His camera explores religious ritual and universal ideas. The Viola show at the Deutsche Guggenheim in Berlin shows us moving-image f
28、rescoes that cover the gallery walls and envelop the viewer in all-embracing cycles of life and death. One new star is a Californian, Doug Aitken, who took over London“s Serpentine Gallery last October with an installation called “New Ocean“. Some say Mr. Aitken is to video what Jackson Pollock was
29、to painting. He drips his images from floor to ceiling, creating sequences of rooms in which the Space surrounds the viewer in hallucinatory images, of sound and light. At the Serpentine, Mr. Aitken created a collage of moving images, on the theme of water“s flow around the planet as a force of life
30、. “I wanted to create a new topography in this work, a liquid image, to show a world that never stands still“, he says. The boundary between the physical world and the world of images and information, he thinks, is blurring. The interplay of illusion and reality, sound and image, references to art h
31、istory, politics, film and television in this art form that is barely 30 years old can make video art difficult to define. Many call it film-based or moving-image art to include artists who work with other cinematic media. At its best, the appeal of video art lies in its versatility, its power to ca
32、pture the passing of time and on its ability to communicate both inside and outside gallery walls.（分数：10.00）(1).The birthplace of Leonardo is mentioned in the text _.（分数：2.00）A.to introduce the topic of the technology of video art.B.to pay tribute to this Renaissance master.C.to honor his contributi
33、on to scientific discoveries.D.to outline the development of art television.(2).Toward the novel literary idea, the author“s attitude seems to be that of _.（分数：2.00）A.Disapproval.B.Neutrality.C.Appreciation.D.Suspicion.(3).As pointed out in the text, the video art technology is characterized by its
34、_.（分数：2.00）A.human ingenuityB.complex definition.C.strong appeal.D.amazing interactivity.(4).The videos created by Dough Aitken is used to show a combination of _.（分数：2.00）A.television and robotics.B.illusion and reality.C.sculptures and paintings.D.space and planets.(5).Which of the following would
35、 the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.A New Generation 0f Artists.B.Video Art is Going Nowhere.C.A Cradle of Famous Artists.D.New Art for the MTV Generation.It may turn out that the “digital divide“one of the most fashionable political slogans of recent yearsis largely fiction. As you will recall,
36、 the argument went well beyond the unsurprising notion that the rich would own more computers than the poor. The disturbing part of the theory was that society was dividing itself into groups of technology “haves“ and “have-nots“ and that this segregation would, in turn, worsen already large economi
37、c inequalities. It is this argument that is either untrue or wildly exaggerated. We should always have been suspicious. After all, computers have spread quickly because they have become cheaper to buy and easier to use. Falling prices and skill requirements suggest that the digital divide would spon
38、taneously shrinkand so it has. Now, a new study further discredits the digital divide. The study, by economist David Card of the University of California, Berkeley, challenges the notion that computers have significantly worsened wage inequality. The logic of how this supposedly happens is straightf
39、orward: computers raise the demand for high-skilled workers, increasing their wages. Meanwhile, computerizationby automating many routine tasksreduces the demand for low-skilled workers and, thereby, their wages. The gap between the two widens. Superficially, wage statistics support the theory. Cons
40、ider the ratio between workers near the top of the wage distribution and those near the bottom. Computerization increased; so did the wage gap. But wait, point out Card and DiNardo. The trouble with blaming computers is that the worsening of inequality occurred primarily in the early 1980s. With com
41、puter use growing, the wage gap should have continued to expand, if it was being driven by a shifting demand for skills. Indeed, Card and DiNardo find much detailed evidence that contradicts the theory. They conclude that computerization does not explain “the rise in U.S. wage inequality in the last
42、 quarter of the 20th century“. The popular perception of computers“ impact on wages is hugely overblown. Lots of other influences count for as much, or more. The worsening of wage inequality in the early 1980s, for example, almost certainly reflected the deep 19811982 recession and the fall of infla
43、tion. Companies found it harder to raise prices. To survive, they concluded that they had to hold down the wages of their least skilled, least mobile and youngest workers. The “digital divide“ suggested a simple solution (computers) for a complex problem (poverty). With more computer access, the poo
44、r could escape their lot. But computers never were the source of anyone“s poverty and, as for escaping, what people do for themselves matters more than what technology can do for them.（分数：10.00）(1).It is generally believed that the digital divide is something _.（分数：2.00）A.that is responsible for eco
45、nomic inequalities.B.deemed to be positive in poverty-relief.C.that results from falling computer prices.D.getting worse because of the Internet.(2).According to the author, the notion that computers are to blame for the wage gap is _.（分数：2.00）A.quite insightful.B.very contradictory.C.rather shallow
46、.D.fairly illuminating.(3).The author“s attitude toward the opinion held by Card and DiNardo is one of _.（分数：2.00）A.reserved consent.B.strong disapproval.C.slight contempt.D.enthusiastic support.(4).The author seems to believe that widened wage gap can be attributed to _.（分数：2.00）A.the impact of com
47、puters on routine work.B.the delayed effects in the early 1980s.C.the complexity of poverty problem.D.the narrowing of the digital divide.(5).The purpose of the author in writing the text is _.（分数：2.00）A.to advocate the elimination of poverty.B.to justify the influence of the digital divide.C.to dem
48、ocratize computer access today.D.to expose the myths of the digital divide.The dot-com collapse may have been a disaster for Wall Street, but here in Silicon Valley, it was a blessing. It was the welcome end to an abnormal condition that very nearly destroyed the area in an overabundance of success. You see, the secret to the Valley“s astounding multiple-decade boom is failure. Failure is what fuels and renews this place. Failure is the foundation for innovation. The valle
