1、考研英语-试卷 37 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Americans today believe that acceptable social behavior follows effortlessly from pers
2、onal virtue. The (1)_ between morals and manners has become blurred. (2)_ you need is a good heart, most people assume, and the (3)_ will take care of itself. You don“t have to write thank-you notes. Many Americans believe that natural behavior is beautiful. The “natural“ (4)_ to human relations pre
3、sumes that to know any person well enough is to love him, that the (5)_ human problem is a communication problem. This (6)_ that people might be separated by basically, generally irreconcilable differencesphilosophical, political, or religiousand assumes that all such differences are (7)_ misunderst
4、andings. Indeed, it has never been easier to insult people inadvertently. A gentleman opens a door for a lady because his mother taught him that ladies (8)_ such courtesies, but she (9)_ and spits in his eye because he has insulted her womanhood. A young lady offers her seat in a (10)_ bus to an eld
5、erly, frail gentleman, and he gives her a (11)_ look because she has insulted his (12)_ Mind you, those are just people (13)_ to be nice; the only problem is that they are (14)_ on different systems of (15)_. Curiously, it has never been (16)_ to insult people intentionally. If you say, “You are nas
6、ty and I hate you,“ the person is (17)_ to reply, “Oh, you“re feeling (18)_; I“ll wait until you feel better. “ The idea the people can behave “naturally“ without resorting to a(n) (19)_ code tacitly agreed upon by their society is as silly as the idea that they can communicate by using a language w
7、ithout (20)_ accepted semantic and grammatical rules.（分数：40.00）A.instinctB.distinctionC.intuitionD.similarityA.ThatB.EachC.AllD.EverythingA.restB.peopleC.minorityD.majorityA.approachB.wayC.roadD.meansA.essentialB.lastC.sameD.onlyA.approvesB.deniesC.supportsD.disagreesA.no more thanB.not more thanC.a
8、 bit more thanD.much more thanA.dislikeB.appreciateC.thankD.approveA.turns outB.turns upC.turns aroundD.turns downA.movingB.crowdedC.shabbyD.desertedA.angryB.thankfulC.guiltyD.dirtyA.feelingsB.freedomC.manhoodD.heartA.tryingB.refusingC.showingD.lookingA.establishingB.assumingC.observingD.operatingA.
9、etiquetteB.ceremonyC.mannersD.courtesyA.harderB.easierC.worseD.betterA.optB.aptC.apparentD.adorableA.friendlyB.terribleC.disgustingD.hostileA.naturalB.artificialC.falseD.artisticA.superficiallyB.profoundlyC.commonlyD.individually二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehensi
10、on_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Whether or not animals feel is not altogether an easy question to answer. A human being has direct awareness only of the pains which he himself suffers. Our knowledge of the pains eve
11、n of other human beings is only an inference from their words, and to a lesser extent their behaviors. Animals cannot tell us what they feel. We can, of course, study their bodily reactions to the kind of stimuli which would be painful to human beings and this has often been done. When such stimuli
12、are applied to animals, their pupils dilate, their pulse rate and blood pressure rise, they may withdraw the stimulated limb and they may make struggling movements. Nevertheless it has been pointed out that none of these reactions can safely be taken as indications that the animal experiences pain b
13、ecause they can all be evoked when the parts of the body stimulated have been isolated from the higher nervous centres. Furthermore, when disease produces such an isolation in human beings the corresponding stimuli are painless. We must therefore look for other evidence as the capacity of animals to
14、 experience pain. Basically, all the nervous elements which underlie the experience of pain by human beings are to be found in all mammalian vertebrates at least; this is hardly surprising as pain is a response to a potentially harmful stimulus and is therefore of great biological importance for sur
15、vival. Is there any reason, then, for supposing that animals, though equipped with all the necessary neurological structures, do not experience pain? Such a view would seem to presuppose a profound qualitative difference in the mental life of animals and men. The difference between the human and sub
16、human nervous system lies chiefly in the much greater development of the human forebrain. This would be significant in the present context only if there were reason to believe that it alone was correlated with the occurrence of conscious experiences. But much of our knowledge of the nervous regulati
17、on of consciousness is derived from experiments on animals. In everyday life we take it for granted that animals see and hear, and there seems no reason to suppose that they do not feel pain. So, while the reactions of the pupils, pulse rate and blood pressure mentioned above can in exceptional circ
18、umstances occur without the conscious experience of pain, it seems likely that in the intact animal they are indications that pain is being experienced.（分数：10.00）(1).Our knowledge of the pains animals feel can be obtained through（分数：2.00）A.an inference from their words.B.study of their direct awaren
19、ess of the pains.C.study of their reaction to pain causing stimuli.D.an inference from their behavior.(2).Pain is vital to the survival of human being and all mammalian because（分数：2.00）A.it can be found in vertebrates.B.it consists of nervous elements.C.it underlies mental life.D.it is a response to
20、 harmful stimuli.(3).The human nervous system differs from that of animals in that（分数：2.00）A.man has more developed forebrain.B.man can feel pains while animals can“t.C.man has different neural structures.D.man“s mental life is in nature different from that of animals.(4).We can conclude from the la
21、st paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.the reactions of the pupils are relevant to pain.B.the fact that animals see and hear has been commonly accepted.C.animals can feel pain in exceptional circumstances.D.it“s reasonable to suppose that animals don“t feel pain.(5).The author seems to agree that（分数：2.00）A.ani
22、mals may feel pain.B.only human beings can feel pain.C.we can“t tel1 what pain means to an animal.D.human beings can learn from animals to avoid pain.Now that many media chieftains have fallen into disrepute and have left, those who are still in positions feel the need to take the problem seriously.
23、 “CEOs were overturned as were some stocks.“ That is how AOL Time Warner entertainment group Chairman Jeff Bewkes summed it up. The era of the “imperial“ (one-man rule) CEO has come to an end, MTV Networks Chairman Tom Freston added. The two executives agreed that the industry“s complex and often il
24、l-fated megs mergers had proven that bigger is not necessarily better, no matter how big the reputations of the personalities behind them. The continuing flameout of media executives who a few years ago were hailed as visionaries was active this month, and the industry“s fears reached into the execu
25、tive ranks of music, publishing and TV. Technology visionary Steve Case left as chairman of AOL Time Warner, replaced by Chief Executive Richard Parsons. Top executives at Sony Music, MCA Records and Random House were booted. And Walter Isaacson, chairman of CNN Networks, left for a think tank. This
26、 shows just how difficult it has become to find the right managers for the terribly altered media. “Many executives got caught up in the late 90“s boom in the media industry and got ahead of themselves in strategic vision for their companies,“ said Mark May, of US investment firm Kaufman Bros. “It t
27、akes more than a couple of years for these companies to be ready for another visionary.“ The collapse of the dotcom bubble, the ability of music fans to get songs free on the Internet, sagging bottom lines and intense competition among cable TV news networks are some developments that helped trip up
28、 media executives recently. But the urge to merge was one of their weakest points. It is not that media companies should avoid all mergers, said Larry Haverty, managing director at State Street Research, a US investment management firm. They need acquisitions for growth. But making them work is a re
29、al challenge. They need to choose what pieces fit together and how much they are worth. They need to adjust quickly when technology and consumer habit trends shift. And, more than ever, they must be careful not to promise too much. Sony Corp. of America Chairman Howard Stringer said that an executiv
30、e today is “the rarest of senior entertainment executives, equally adept at business, management strategy and value creation, as well as a consummate(完美的) and proven developer of content, talent and ideas“.（分数：10.00）(1).Both Jeff and Tom agree that（分数：2.00）A.media chieftains are visionary and active
31、.B.media executives have big reputations and nice personalities.C.the media industry should be cautious about merger.D.the media industry is too complicated to handle.(2).The word “flameout“ (Line 1, Paragraph 4) may probably mean（分数：2.00）A.extravagance.B.promotion,C.merger.D.resignation.(3).What ca
32、used the decline of media?（分数：2.00）A.There are no visionary executives.B.Corporate strategies are ahead of time.C.Many executives got caught in the late 90“s.D.Many wise executives have left the media industry.(4).The biggest problem media executives are facing nowadays is（分数：2.00）A.the desire to co
33、mbine.B.competition among cable TV.C.the collapse of media industry.D.the interference from Internet.(5).According to the text, a good media CEO needs the following capabilities EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.being skilled at business.B.having the ability to adjust before trends change.C.being expert in developin
34、g talent and thoughts.D.having the ability to manage and create.A possible conflict in Iraq; deteriorating economies in South Americas famine in sub-Saharan Africa; turmoil in Indonesia; political instability in the Balkans. And in many developing countries, persistent crime, lousy education and a l
35、ack of opportunities for energetic people to prosper without graft and political connections. No wonder so many people want the chance of a better life in the stable, meritocratic economies of the rich world. No wonder they risk their life savings, or even their lives, to buy the hope of higher earn
36、ings, fairer treatment and better opportunities for their families. This movement of humanity brings undoubted gains, and not just to the immigrants. The gap between earnings in the poor and rich worlds is vastly greater than the gap in the prices of traded goods. As our survey argues, the potential
37、 economic benefits to the world of liberalizing migration dwarf those from removing trade barriers. Where populations are aging and economies are sluggish, the benefits are especially great. Immigrants, unlike natives, move readily to areas where labour is in short supply, so easing bottlenecks. The
38、y bring a just-in-time supply of skills, too, which is why hospitals want to hire foreign doctors and nurses; farmers, spare hands to pick fruit and vegetables; and wealthy couples, nannies for their children. In many cases, immigrants also pay more in taxes than they cost in public spending. But vo
39、ters in rich countries often don“t see things this way. Like other forces of globalization, immigration is disruptive, and at the most intimate level. It changes the neighbourhood. People in the street speak odd languages; the neighbours“ cooking smells strange. So immigration often meets passionate
40、 resistance. Even in countries built on immigration, like the United States, politicians hesitate to press for easier entry. America has refused to strike a deal with Mexico to let in more legal migrants. In Europe, hostility is deeper and can be more dangerous. In the past year, the far right has g
41、ained in elections in France, Denmark, Austria and Netherlands. The hostility may well increase. Immigration has boomed in the past decade partly because rich countries have created lots of jobs. If the economic slowdown persists, unemployment is sure to breed greater resentment. Another terrorist a
42、ttack along the lines of September 11th, 2001 would, rightly or wrongly, increase fears that immigrants threaten security. And, as HIV spreads in the poor world, rich countries will fret about the threat to their health services and the risk of AIDS. How then to square the conflicting pressures of p
43、olitics and economics? The first essential is to accept that the voters right to a say about who and how many can enter must take precedence over the rights of those unlucky enough to be born in poorer parts of the world. The task of politiciansand of employers is to persuade voters that immigration
44、 is not only inevitable but also in their long-term interests.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “meritocratic“(Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.meritorious.B.prosperous.C.to succeed with hard work.D.to prosper with achievement.(2).Immigration brings economic benefits in that（分数：2.00）A.it narrows
45、 the gap between earnings in the poor and the rich worlds.B.it helps remove trade barriers between the developing and the developed.C.it supplies adequate labors to a slow-moving host economy.D.it increases tax-paying in the host countries without spending public money.(3).Voters in rich countries t
46、hink that（分数：2.00）A.immigrants create lots of jobs.B.immigrants bring unpleasant changes to their life.C.most immigrants entered their countries legally.D.many immigrants are hostile and dangerous.(4).It can be inferred that voters in rich countries fail to realize（分数：2.00）A.legal immigrants took aw
47、ay many of their jobs.B.immigration can be good to their countries.C.immigration brings about the risk of AIDS.D.immigrants made use of their health service.(5).From the text we learn that（分数：2.00）A.the economic benefits brought by immigration conflict the political concerns.B.the threats posed by i
48、mmigration should be the greatest concern.C.the rights of voters in the rich countries precede over the rights of immigrants.D.employers and politicians should manage immigration for the voters“ benefits.Thomas Huxley (“Darwin“s bulldog“) is said to have come up with the most famous defense of the atheist belief that life was created by chance. In a debate at Oxford, he is reported to have stated that if enough monkeys randomly pressed typewriter keys for a long enough time, sooner or later Psalm 23 would emerge. Not all atheists use this argu
