1、考研英语-试卷 36 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Year after year a dedicated Swedish chemist worked to find a substance which, when (1)
2、_ nitroglycerine(硝化甘油), would make explosives safer to handle (2)_ weakening their force. He had a personal (3)_ scientific reason to pursue his search, because his (4)_ brother had been killed when a can of nitroglycerine (5)_ exploded. The oily liquid had been (6)_ for so many disasters that its (
3、7)_ had finally been outlawed by many countries. While (8)_ a new formula one morning, the doctor broke a test tube and gashed(划开) his finger. He was daubing(涂搽) the (9)_ with collodion(火棉胶), a coating solution of gun-cotton dissolved in ether-alcohol(乙醚), (10)_ the idea struck him-mix collodion wit
4、h the nitroglycerine! (11)_ was the answer. The new mixture, (12)_ blasting gelatine(爆胶), was not only (13)_ safe to handle as dynamite, but it was also one-and-a-half times more powerful! In fact, so powerful (14)_ that it paved the way for a whole new (15)_ in construction and engineering. Mines w
5、ere (16)_, roads were built, and canals were cut at a speed once (17)_ impossible. It had another use, also-death and destruction in warfare. Its inventor had believed that the power of his new (18)_ would so awe the military mind that it would actually be a deterrent to war. (19)_ it became a weapo
6、n that brought death to millions of soldiers and (20)_.（分数：40.00）A.mixing withB.mixed withC.was mixing withD.was mixed withA.notB.withC.withoutD.butA.alsoB.andC.as wellD.as well asA.ownB.anotherC.otherD.elseA.in chanceB.accidentallyC.by incidentD.unbelievablyA.dueB.blamedC.causedD.responsibleA.build
7、ingB.structureC.mixingD.manufactureA.experimenting withB.experimenting onC.experimented withD.experimented onA.splitB.scarC.woundD.damageA.whenB.asC.thenD.whileA.ItB.ThereC.ThisD.WhichA.calledB.knownC.by nameD.namedA.soB.the sameC.asD.veryA.was the new explosiveB.the new explosive wasC.was new explo
8、siveD.new explosive wasA.timeB.eraC.aspectD.periodA.explodedB.opened upC.dug outD.exploredA.believingB.regardingC.regardedD.believedA.weaponB.mixtureC.explosiveD.discoveryA.RatherB.DifferentlyC.DespiteD.InsteadA.officialsB.civiliansC.citizensD.generals二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section
9、 II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._India has about a billion people and a dozen major languages of its own. One language, and only one, is understood-by the elite-across the country: that of the
10、foreigners who ruled India for less than 200 years and left 52 years ago. Today, India. Tomorrow, unofficially, the world. That is well under way; at first, because the British not only built global empire but also it was settled by America, and now because the world (and notably America) has acquir
11、ed its first truly globaland interactivemedium, the Internet. It is estimated that some 350 million people speak English as their first language. Maybe 250-350 million do or can use it as a second language; in excolonial countries, notably, or in Englishmajority ones, like 30 million recently immigr
12、ants to the United States, or Canada“s 6 million francophone Quebeckers. And elsewhere? The guess is 100 million1 billion depending how you define “can“. Let us be hold: in all, 20-25% of earth“s 6 billion people can use English; not the English of England, let alone of Dr. Johnson, but English. Tha
13、t number is soaring as each year brings new pupils to school and carries of monolingual oldiesand now as the Internet spreads. And the process is self-reinforcing. As business spreads across frontiers, the company that wants to move its executives around, and to promote the best of them, regardless
14、of nationality, encourages the uses of English. So the executive who wants to be in the frame, or“ to move to another employer, learns to use it. English has long dominated learned journals: German, Russian or French (depending on the field) may be useful to their expert readers, but English is esse
15、ntial. So, if you want your own work publishedand widely read by your peersthen English is the language of choice. The growth of the cinema, and still more so of television, has spread the dominant language. Foreign movies or sitcoms may be dubbed into major languages, but for smaller audiences they
16、 are usually subtitled. Result: a Dutch or Danish or even Arab family has an audio-visual learning aid in its living-room, and usually the language spoken on-screen is English. The birth of the computer and its American operating systems gave English a nudge ahead: that of the Internet has given it
17、a huge push. Any web-linked household today has a library of information available at the click of a mouse. And, unlike the books on its own shelves or in the public library, maybe four-fifths is written in English. That proportion may lessen, as more non-English sites spring up. But English will su
18、rely dominate.（分数：10.00）(1).The author cites the example of India to show _.（分数：2.00）A.the backwardness of its own languageB.the importance of learning EnglishC.the widespread of English languageD.the great influence of the British empire(2).From the passage, we can know that _.（分数：2.00）A.20-25% of
19、earth“s 6 billion people can use American EnglishB.20-25% of earth“s 6 billion people can use Dr. Johnson“s EnglishC.20-25% of earth“s 6 billion people can use standard EnglishD.20-25% of earth“s 6 billion people can use English though not idiomatic(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned when th
20、e author explains the reasons of the rapid growing number of English speaker?（分数：2.00）A.New pupils are required to learn English at school.B.Monolingual old people are encouraged to speak English.C.Employees have to learn English if they want to get a chance of promotion.D.Scholars use English as th
21、e language of their academic works more often than other languages.(4).Foreign movies won“t be dubbed into major language when _.（分数：2.00）A.there are not many audiencesB.all the audiences know that foreign languageC.the audiences don“t like it very muchD.the language spoken on-screen is English(5).T
22、he word “nudge“ in the first sentence of paragraph six means _.（分数：2.00）A.progressB.encouragementC.pushD.growthEach advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light m
23、icroscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscope have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather tha
24、n light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny de tails; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world. The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940“s because the development of the electr
25、on microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940“s, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived
26、, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions, of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only avail able sources of soft X-rays. The new X-ray microscopes considerably i
27、mprove on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron micro
28、scopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-bill
29、ionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to, image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible in
30、vestigations that will complement those performed with light-and-electron-based instruments.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The detail seen through a microscope.B.Sources of illumination for microscopes.C.A new kind of microscope.D.Outdated microscopic techniques.(2).Ac
31、cording to the passage, the invention of the visible-light microscope allowed scientists to _.（分数：2.00）A.see viruses directlyB.develop the electron microscope later onC.understand more about the distribution of the chemical elementsD.discover single-celled plants anal animals they had never seen bef
32、ore(3).Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.To begin a discussion, of sixteenth-century discoveries.B.To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective.C.To show how limited its uses are.D.To explain how it functioned.(4).Why did it take so
33、 long to develop the X-ray microscope?（分数：2.00）A.Funds for research were insufficient.B.The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently.C.Materials used to manufacture X-ray tubes were difficult to obtain.D.X-ray microscopes were too complicated to operate.(5).Based on the informatio
34、n in the passage, what can be inferred about X-ray microscopes in the future?（分数：2.00）A.They will probably replace electron microscopes altogether.B.They will eventually he much cheaper to produce than they are now.C.They will provide information not available from other kinds of microscopes.D.They
35、will eventually change the illumination range that they now use.For millions of years we have known a world whose resource seemed illimitable however fast, we cut down trees, nature unaided would replace them. However many fish we took from the sea, nature would restock it. However much sewage we du
36、mped into the river, nature would purify it, just as she would purify the air, however much smoke and fumes we put into it. Today we have reached the stage of realizing that rivers can be polluted past praying for, that seas can be overfished and the forests must be managed and fostered if they are
37、not to vanish. But we still retain our primitive optimism about air and water. There will always be enough rain falling from the skies to meet our needs. The air can absorb all the filth we care to put in it. Still less do we worry whether we could ever run short of oxygen. Surely there is air enoug
38、h to breathe. Who ever asks where oxygen comes from, to begin with? They shouldfor we now consume about 10 percent of all the atmospheric oxygen every year, thanks to the many forms of combustion which destroy it; every car, aircraft and power station destroys oxygen in quantities far greater than m
39、en consume by breathing. The fact is we are just beginning to press up against the limits of the earth“s capacity. We begin to have to watch what we are doing to things like water and oxygen, just as we have to watch whether we are overfishing or overfelling. The realization has dawned that the eart
40、h is a spaceship with strictly limited resources. These resources must, in the long run, be recycled, either by nature or by man. Just as the astronaut“s urine is purified to provide drinking water and just as his expired air is regenerated to be breathed anew, so all the earth“s resources must be r
41、ecycled, sooner or later. Up to now, the slow pace of nature“s own recycling has served, coupled with the fact that the “working capital“ of already recycled material was large. But the margins are getting smaller and if men, in even larger numbers, are going to require even larger quantities, the p
42、ace of recycling will have to be artificially quickened. All we have is a narrow band of usable atmosphere, no more than seven miles high, a thin crust of land, only one eighth of the surface of which is really suitable for people to live on, and a limited supply of drinkable water, which we continu
43、ally reuse. And in the earth, we have a capital of fossil fuels and ores, which, we steadily run down billions of times faster than nature, restores it. These resources are tied together in a complex set of transactions. The air helps purify the water, the water irrigates the plants, the plants help
44、 to renew the air. We heedlessly intervene in these transactions. For instance, we cut down the forests, which transpire water and oxygen, we build dams and pipeline which limit the movement of animals, we pave the earth and build reservoirs, altering the water cycle. So far, nature has brushed off
45、these injuries as pinprick. But now we are becoming so strong, so clever and so numerous, that they are beginning to hurt.（分数：10.00）(1).Today there has been a change of attitude towards nature. This is shown in _.（分数：2.00）A.the pollution of riversB.the overfishing of seasC.the increase in air pollut
46、ion eD.the fostering of forests(2).The analogy drawn between the earth and a spaceship is to illustrate the idea of _ on earth.（分数：2.00）A.unlimited resourcesB.limited resourcesC.recyclingD.regeneration(3).The pace of recycling will have to be artificially quickened because _.（分数：2.00）A.nature“s own
47、pace is slowing down rapidlyB.the “working capital“ of recycled material has all been used upC.the earth“s resources cannot be replaced by manD.the earth“s growing population requires more and more resources(4).What does the sentence “The air helps purify the water“ illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.The ecologi
48、cal balance.B.The water cycle.C.The earth“s limited resources.D.The life cycle.(5).Which of the following best conveys the“ idea that man has been careless and unconcerned in his relationship with nature?（分数：2.00）A.He has exploited the earth“s resources.B.He has shown little understanding of nature“s ways.C.He has abused the earth“s resources.D.He has not appreciated nature“s beauty and benefits sufficiently.One of the most authoritative speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertiser
