1、考研英语-试卷 282及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_“We want Singapore to have the X-factor, that buzz that you get in London, Paris, or N
2、ew York“. That is how Lee Hsien Loong, Singapore“s prime minister, (1)_ his government“s decision to (2)_ gambling in the country, (3)_ two large, Vegas-style casinos. Whether the casinos will indeed help to transform Singapore“s staid image remains to be seen. But the decision bas already (4)_ an u
3、ncharacteristic buzz among the country“s normally (5)_ citizens. The government has contemplated, and rejected (6)_ casinos several times in the past. One reason was (7)_ Singapore“s economic growth was so rapid that casinos seemed like an unnecessary evil. Buddhism and Islam, two of the country“s m
4、ain religions, (8)_ on gambling. The government itself has traditionally had strong, and often (9)_, ideas about how its citizens should behave. Until recently, for example, it refused to (10)_ homosexuals to the civil service. It also used to (11)_ chewing gum, which it considers a public nuisance.
5、 Nowadays, (12)_, Singapore“s electronics industry, the mainstay of the economy, is struggling to cope with cheap competition from places like China. In the first quarter of this year, output (13)_ by 5.8% at an annual rate. So the government wants lo promote tourism and other services to (14)_ for
6、vanishing jobs in manufacturing. Merrill Lynch, an investment bank, (15)_ the two proposed casinos could (16)_ in as much as $4 billion in the initial investment alone. (17)_ its estimates, they would have annual revenues of (18)_ $3.6 billion, and pay at least $600 million in taxes and fees. The go
7、vernment, for its part, thinks the integrated (19)_, as it coyly calls the casinos, would (20)_ as many as 35,000 jobs.（分数：40.00）A.claimedB.maintainedC.announcedD.pronouncedA.draftB.illegalizeC.deviseD.legalizeA.in the name ofB.in the form ofC.by the means ofD.in the need ofA.promptedB.quickenedC.pe
8、rceivedD.predictedA.coolB.calmC.collectedD.quiescentA.licensingB.approvingC.consentingD.guaranteeingA.whyB.thatC.becauseD.forA.relyB.focusC.frownD.fretA.mortalB.moralC.moraleD.moralisticA.giveB.admitC.bringD.takeA.banB.preventC.limitD.authorizeA.thereforeB.howeverC.moreoverD.accordinglyA.deflatedB.i
9、ncreasedC.shrankD.appreciatedA.make upB.live upC.face upD.bring upA.includesB.advisesC.beckonsD.reckonsA.turnB.absorbC.bringD.takeA.Due toB.According toC.As toD.Only tooA.up toB.byC.down toD.on toA.waysB.functionsC.resortsD.movesA.stimulateB.motivateC.simulateD.generate二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，
10、分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._The California Public Employees“ Retirement System (CalPERS) has positioned itself as the premier champion of investor rights, regularly singl
11、ing out bad managers at some of the nation“s largest companies in its annual corporate-governance focus lists. And with $153 billion under management, Wall Street tends to listen when CalPERS speaks out. But the country“s largest pension fund has never taken on as big a fish as it did Dec. 16, when
12、it filed a class action against the New York Stock Exchange and seven of its member firms. CalPERS“ suit charges the NYSE and specialist firms with fraud, alleging that the exchange skirted its regulatory duties and allowed its members to trade stocks at the expense of investors. The move is a major
13、 slap in the face for the NYSE“s recently appointed interim Chairman John Reed. The former Citibank chairman and CEO came on board in September after the exchange“s longtime head, Richard Grasso, resigned under pressure over public outrage about his excessive compensation. Reed has been widely criti
14、cized by CalPERS and other institutional investors for not including representatives of investors on the exchange“s newly constituted board and not clearly separating the exchange“s regulatory function from its day-to-day operations. The CalPERS lawsuit is evidence that the investment communities“ d
15、issatisfaction hasn“t ebbed. “Our hopes were dashed when Mr. Reed didn“t perform“, says Harrigan. The suit alleges that seven specialist firms profited by abusing and overusing a series of trading tactics. The tactics, which are not currently illegal, include “penny lumping“, where a firm positions
16、itself between two orders to capture a piece of the price differential, “front running“, which involves trading in advance of customers based on confidential information obtained by their orders, and “freezing“ the firm“s order book so that the firm can make trades on its own account first. Many of
17、the suit“s allegations are based on a previously disclosed investigation of the exchange conducted by the Securities but throughout history the practitioners of “pure“ science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions. Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for techn
18、ological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics,
19、 chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations. In recent years a sharp value d
20、istinction has grown up between science and technology. Advances in science have frequently had their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. For these people, science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal la
21、ws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control. Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization, but also that the rate of technological change has dev
22、eloped its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus techn
23、ology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process.（分数：10.00）(1).Science is, as the author argues, similar to technology in that _.（分数：2.00）A.it involves a long process of changeB.it focuses on the casual aspects of the material worldC.it resorts to experiments as an exclusive metho
24、d of researchD.it is concerned about the theoretical development(2).Which of the following does the author Not agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Scientific activities are deeply involved with those of technology,B.Industrial civilization is largely based on the scientific progress.C.Science and technology move
25、forward at a comparable speed.D.Either of science and technology is necessary for the advance of each other.(3).The example of the steam engine is presented to _.（分数：2.00）A.refute the belief that industrial progress feeds off scientific ideasB.illustrate the remarkable achievements of industrial civ
26、ilizationC.indicate that many great inventions originate from the laboratoryD.laws come out much earlier than related functions(4).What does “the practical manifestations. out of control“ (Para. 3) mean?（分数：2.00）A.Technology is losing its traditional practicality.B.Technology is moving further away
27、from science.C.Technological progress is benefiting the whole world.D.Technology is threatening the existence of human civilization.(5).The “historians“ as mentioned in the last paragraph regard the technology with _.（分数：2.00）A.absolute enthusiasmB.total indifferenceC.obvious resentmentD.reserved ap
28、proval4.Part B_You are going to read a text about the topic of nuclear fusion, followed by a list of explanations(or examples). Choose the best explanation/example from the list for each numbered subheading/generalization. There is one extra explanation/example which you do not need to use. Scientis
29、ts say they have achieved small-scale nuclear fusion in a tabletop experiment, using tried and true techniques that are expected to generate far less controversy than past such claims. This latest experiment relied on a tiny crystal to generate a strong electric field. While the energy created was t
30、oo small to harness cheap fusion power, the technique could have potential uses in medicine, spacecraft propulsion, the oil drilling industry and homeland security, said Seth Putterman, a physicist at the University of California at Los Angeles. Putterman and his colleagues at UCLA, Brian Naranjo an
31、d Jim Gimzewski, report their results in Thursday“s issue of the journal Nature. (41) Held up to ridicule Previous claims of tabletop fusion have been met with skepticism and even derision by physicists. (42) Sound theoretical basis Fusion experts said the UCLA experiment will face far less skeptici
32、sm because it conforms to well-known principles of physics. (43) Energy in waiting Fusion power has been touted as the ultimate energy source and a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels like coal and oil. Fossil fuels are expected to run short in about 50 years. (44) Process of fusion In the UCL“A exp
33、eriment, scientists placed a tiny crystal that can generate a strong electric field into a vacuum chamber filled with deuterium gas, a form of hydrogen capable of fusion. Then the researchers activated the crystal by heating it. (45) Commercial uses UCLA“s Putterman said future experiments will focu
34、s on refining the technique for potential commercial uses, including designing portable neutron generators that could be used for oil well drilling or scanning luggage and cargo at airports. In the Nature report, Putterman and his colleagues said the crystal-based method could be used in “microthrus
35、ters for miniature spacecraft“. In such an application, the method would not rely on nuclear fusion for power generation, But rather on ion propulsion, Putterman said. “As wild as it is, that“s a conservative application“, he said.A. In fusion, light atoms are joined in a high-temperature process th
36、at frees large amounts of energy. It is considered environmentally friendly because it produces virtually no air pollution and does not pose the safety and long-term radioactive waste concerns associated with modern nuclear power plants, where heavy uranium atoms are split to create energy in a proc
37、ess known as fission.B. The resulting electric field created a Beam of charged deuterium atoms that struck a nearby target, which was embedded with yet more deuterium. When some of the deuterium atoms in the beam collided with their counterparts in the target, they fused. The reaction gave off an is
38、otope of helium along with subatomic particles known as neutrons, a characteristic of fusion. The experiment did not, however, produce more energy than the amount put inan achievement that would be a huge breakthrough.C. Another technique, known as sonoluminescence, generates heat through the collap
39、se of tiny bubbles in a liquid. Some scientists claim that nuclear fusion occurs during the reaction, but those claims have sparked sharp debate.D. In a Nature commentary, Michael Saltmarsh of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory said the process was in some ways “remarkably low-tech“, drawing upon pri
40、nciples that were first recorded by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus in 314 B.C. “This doesn“t have any controversy in it because they“re using a tried and true method“, David Ruzic, professor of nuclear and plasma engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbane-Champaign, told The Associated
41、Press. “There“s no mystery in terms of the physics“.E. In one of the most notable cases, Dr. B. Stanley Pons of the University of Utah and Martin Fleischmann of Southampton University in England shocked the world in 1989 when they announced that they had achieved so-called cold fusion at room temper
42、ature. Their work was discredited after repeated attempts to reproduce it failed.F. The technology also could conceivably give rise to implantable radiation sources, which could target cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. “You could bring a tiny crystal into the body, place it nex
43、t to a tumor, turn on the radiation and blast the tumor“, Putterman told MSNBC.com.（分数：8.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_5.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese._For the first time in decades, doctors have begun making major change
44、s in the treatment of lung cancer, based on research proving that chemotherapy can significantly lengthen life for many patients for whom it was previously thought to be useless. The shift in care applies to about 50,000 people a year in the United States who have early cases of the most common form
45、 of the disease, non-small-cell lung cancer, and whose tumors are removed by surgery. (46) Many of these patients, who just a few years ago would have been treated with surgery alone, are now being given chemotherapy as well, just as it is routinely given after surgery for breast or colon(结肠) cancer
46、. The new approach has brightened a picture that was often bleak. “The benefit is at least as good, and maybe better than in the other cancers“, said Dr. John Minna, a lung cancer expert and research director at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. He said new discoveries w
47、ere helping to eliminate doctors“ “nihilistic“ attitudes about chemotherapy for lung cancer. “The standard of care has changed“, said Dr. Christopher G. Azzoli, a lung cancer specialist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. (47) A major impetus for the change came a year ago, when two studies presented at a cancer conference showed marked increases in survival in patients who received adjuvant(辅助的) chemotherapy, meaning the drugs were given after surgery. In one study of 482 patients in Canada and the United States, led by Dr. Timothy Winton, a surgeon from the Univer
