1、考研英语-试卷 281及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Euthanasia has been a topic of controversy in Europe since at least 1936.On an average
2、 of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices “active“ euthanasia: (1)_ administering a lethal drug to a (2)_ ill patient who has asked to be relieved (3)_ suffering. Twenty times a day, life prolonging treatment is withheld or withdrawn (4)_ there is no hope that it can (5)_ an ultimate cure.
3、“Active“ euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books, punishable (6)_ 12 years in prison. But a series of court cases over the past 15 years has made it clear that a competent physician who (7)_ it out will not be prosecuted. Euthanasia, often called “mercy killing“, is a crime everywhere
4、in Western Europe. (8)_ more and more doctors and nurses in Britain, Germany, Holland and elsewhere readily (9)_ to practicing it, most often in the “passive“ form of withholding or withdrawing(10)_. The long simmering euthanasia issue has lately (11)_ into a sometimes fierce public debate, (12)_ bo
5、th sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness. Those (13)_ to the practice see themselves (14)_ sacred principles of respect for life, (15)_ those in favor raise the banner of humane treatment. After years (16)_ the defensive, the advocates now seem to be (17)_ ground. Recent polls in Brita
6、in show that 72 percent of British (18)_ favor euthanasia in some circumstances. An astonishing 76 percent of (19)_ to a poll taken late last year in France said they would like the law changed to (20)_ mercy killings. Obviously, pressure groups favoring euthanasia and “assisted suicide“ have grown
7、steadily in Europe over the years.Notes:euthanasia 安乐死 lethal 致命的 statute book 法典 prosecute 起诉 simmering 处于沸腾的状态 mantle 重任，责任（分数：40.00）A.incidentallyB.intentionallyC.intermittentlyD.intenselyA.terminallyB.finallyC.eventuallyD.ultimatelyA.againstB.offC.ofD.out ofA.thoughB.whenC.thatD.sinceA.effectB.a
8、ffectC.resultD.executeA.forB.inC.toD.byA.worksB.savesC.carriesD.rescuesA.BecauseB.HenceC.AndD.ButA.admitB.allegeC.approveD.adoptA.cureB.treatmentC.operationD.remedyA.smoothed overB.boiled overC.broke downD.burst outA.due toB.atC.forD.withA.rejectedB.objectedC.respondedD.opposedA.abandoningB.confirmi
9、ngC.upholdingD.upgradingA.whileB.whenC.asD.orA.inB.forC.onD.againstA.supportingB.reinforcingC.maintainingD.gainingA.patientsB.subjectsC.residentsD.physiciansA.officialsB.citizensC.respondentsD.interviewersA.refuseB.evaluateC.decriminalizeD.counter二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II R
10、eading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes, emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most
11、 people. “The burnt child fears the fire“ is one instance; another is the rise of despots like Hitler. Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes come from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was indirect and cumulative. The Nazis were
12、 influenced largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read. The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes. This is true partly because children acquire attitudes from those adults whose words are highly regarded by them. Another reason i
13、t is true is that pupils often devote their time to a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never occurred to them before. To a child who had previously acquired, little knowledge of Mexico his teacher“s method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his atti
14、tude toward Mexicans. The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome attitudes are innumerable. Social studies (with special reference to races, creeds and nationalities), science matters of health and safety, the very atmosphere of the classroom, these are a few of the fertile fields for
15、 the inculcation of proper emotional reactions. However, when children go to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by cajoling or scolding them. She can achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experiences. To illustr
16、ate, first-grade pupils afraid of policemen will probably alter their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neighborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them. In the same way, a class of older children can develop attitudes through discussion, research, outside reading and all-day t
17、rips. Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be negative if she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decision as a result of object
18、ive analysis of all the facts.Notes:point up (=emphasize)强调，突出 touch upon 触及到creed 信条，教义 inculcation 谆谆教诲 cajoling 哄骗（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?（分数：2.00）A.An assertion is made and two examples are given to illustrate it.B.A
19、 controversy is stated and two opposite points of view are presented.C.A widely accepted definition is presented and two men are described.D.An idea is stated and two results of recent research are summarized.(2).The central idea conveyed in the above text is that（分数：2.00）A.attitudes affect our acti
20、ons.B.teachers play a significant role in developing or reshaping pupils“ attitudes.C.attitudes can be modified by some classroom experiences.D.by their attitudes, teachers don“t affect pupils“ attitudes deliberately.(3).In paragraph 6 the author implies that（分数：2.00）A.the teacher should guide all d
21、iscussions by revealing her own attitude.B.in some aspects of social studies a greater variety of methods can be used in the upper grades than in the lower grades.C.people usually act on the basis of reasoning rather than on emotion.D.children“s attitudes often come from those of other children.(4).
22、A statement not made or implied in the text is that（分数：2.00）A.attitudes can be based on the learning of untrue statements.B.worthwhile attitudes may be developed in practically every subject area.C.attitudes cannot easily be changed by rewards and lectures.D.the attitudes of elementary school-aged c
23、hildren are influenced primarily by the way they were treated as infants.(5).The text specially states that（分数：2.00）A.direct experiences are more valuable than indirect ones.B.whatever attitudes a child learns in school have already been introduced at home.C.teachers can sometimes have an unwholesom
24、e influence on children.D.teachers should always conceal their own attitudes.The topic of cloning has been a politically and ethically controversial one since its very beginning. While the moral and philosophical aspects of the issues are entirely up to the interpretation of the individual, the appl
25、ication of cloning technology can be studied objectively. Many in the scientific community advocate the use of cloning for the preservation and support of endangered species of animals, which aside from cloning, have no other practical hope for avoiding extinction. The goal of the use of cloning to
26、avoid extinction is the reintroduction of new genes into the gene pool of species with few survivors, this ensuring the maintenance and expansion of genetic diversity. Likely candidates for this technique are species known to have very few surviving members, such as the African Bongo Antelope, the S
27、umatran Tiger, and the Chinese Giant Panda. In the case of Giant Panda, some artificial techniques for creating offspring have already been performed, perhaps paving the way for cloning as the next step in the process. With the estimated population of only about 1000 Giant Pandas left in the world,
28、the urgency of the situation has led to desperate measures. One panda was born through the technique of artificial insemination in the San Diego Zoo in the United States. “Hua Mei“ was born in 1999 after her parents, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, had trouble conceiving naturally. The plan to increase t
29、he Giant Panda population through the use of cloning involves the use of a species related to the Giant Panda, the American Black Bear. Egg cells will be removed from female black bears and then fertilized with Panda cells such as those from Ling-Ling or Hsing-Hsing. The fertilized embryo will then
30、re-implanted into the black bear, where it will grow and mature, until a new panda is delivered from the black bear host. Critics of cloning technology argue that the emphasis on cloning as a method by which to preserve species will draw funding away from other methods, such as habitat preservation
31、and conservation. Proponents of cloning counter that many countries in which many endangered species exist are too poor to protect and maintain the species“ habitats anyway, making cloning technology the only practical way to ensure that those species survive to future generations. The issue is stil
32、l hotly debated, as both sides weigh the benefits that could be achieved against the risks and ethical concerns that constantly accompany any argument on the issue.Notes:ethically 道德上 gene pool 基因库 insemination n. 受精 fertilize 使受精 embryo 胚胎 proponent 支持者，拥护者 weigh A against B权衡 A和 B的利弊（分数：10.00）(1).
33、The author raises the issue of ethical consideration in cloning in paragraph 1 in order to（分数：2.00）A.identify the issues that will not be addressed in the text.B.reveal an area of interest that will be explored later in the text.C.identify one of the main issues affecting the cloning controversy tod
34、ay.D.draw the reader“s attention to a sensitive issue that bears consideration in the topic of cloning.(2).The author directs attention to “Hua Mei“, the baby panda born in the San Diego Zoo, in order to（分数：2.00）A.show that cloning as an artificial birth technique has succeeded.B.argue that pandas a
35、re a particularly likely candidate for cloning.C.show that artificial birth techniques other than cloning have succeeded.D.demonstrate the necessity of cloning and other artificial birth techniques to the survival of certain species.(3).Paragraph 4 is written in order to（分数：2.00）A.detail the process
36、 by which cloning in the panda population has been executed in the past.B.guide the reader to consider the possibility of cloning in restoring the panda population.C.demonstrate that the use of cloning to repopulate the panda species is a feasible goal.D.inform the reader of how cloning would be car
37、ried out in the panda population.(4).The main purpose of the last.paragraph is to（分数：2.00）A.argue in favor of one side on a particularly controversial topic of cloning.B.display both sides“ arguments on another contentious issue in cloning.C.redirect the readers“ attention to the previously raised i
38、ssue of ethics in cloning.D.provide further relevant information to the evaluation of cloning as a preservation technique.(5).It can be inferred from the information given in the text that the best candidate for cloning would be（分数：2.00）A.Giant Pandas.B.an endangered species with many living related
39、 species.C.the species in which previous techniques of artificial reproduction have been successfully applied.D.those for which cloning is the only feasible method by which to reproduce the species.Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own l
40、anguage, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is tha
41、t they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill, one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be a
42、cquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronuncia
43、tion must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as gr
44、ammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place. Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique. It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary in
45、formation. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, betwe
46、en the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students“ pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time-wasted. But it does not follow that you can
47、teach pronunciation successfully as soon as you have read the necessary books. It depends, after that, on what use you make of your knowledge, and this is a matter of technique. Now the first and most important part of a language teacher“s technique is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate
48、 the spoken language, in every detail of articulation as well as in fluent speaking, so that the student“s latent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement. The teacher, then, should be as perfect a model in this respect as he can make himself. And to supplement his own performance, however satisfactory this may be, the modern teacher has at his disposal recordings, radio, television and video, to supply the authentic voices of native speakers, or, if the teacher happens to be a native speaker himself or speaks just like
