1、考研英语-试卷 278 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_College sports in the United States are a huge deal. Almost all major American univer
2、sities have football, baseball, basketball and hockey programs, and (1)_ millions of dollars each year to sports. Most of them earn millions (2)_ as well, in television revenues, sponsorships. They also benefit (3)_ from the added publicity they get via their teams. Big-name universities (4)_ each o
3、ther in the most popular sports. Football games at Michigan regularly (5)_ crowds of over 90,000. Basketball“s national collegiate championship game is a TV (6)_ on a par with any other sporting event in the United States, (7)_ perhaps the Super Bowl itself. At any given time during fall or winter o
4、ne can (8)_ one“s TV set and see the top athletic programsfrom schools like Michigan, UCLA, Duke and Stanford (9)_ in front of packed houses and national TV audiences. The athletes themselves are (10)_ and provided with sch61arships. College coaches identify (11)_ teenagers and then go into high sch
5、ools to (12)_ the country“s best players to attend their universities. There are strict rules about (13)_ coaches can recruitno recruiting calls after 9 p. m., only one official visit to a campusbut they are often bent and sometimes (14)_. Top college football programs (15)_ scholarships to 20 or 30
6、 players each year, and those student-athletes, when they arrive (16)_ campus, receive free housing, tuition, meals, books, etc. In return, the players (17)_ the program in their sport. Football players at top colleges (18)_ two hours a day, four days a week from January to April. In summer, it“s ba
7、ck to strength and agility training four days a week until mid-August, when camp (19)_ and preparation for the opening of the September-to-December season begins (20)_ During the season, practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday. Saturday is game day. Mondays are an officially m
8、andated day of rest.（分数：40.00）A.attributeB.distributeC.devoteD.attachA.outB.byC.inD.backA.directlyB.indirectlyC.apartD.indirectA.compete forB.compete inC.compete againstD.compete overA.drawB.amuseC.governD.handleA.spectatorB.spectacleC.spectrumD.spectaclesA.saveB.savingC.savedD.to saveA.flip onB.fla
9、p atC.fling awayD.flush outA.battleB.to battleC.battlingD.battledA.recruitedB.reconciledC.rectifiedD.reservedA.promisingB.pleasingC.prominentD.professionalA.contriveB.convinceC.convertD.convictA.whichB.whatC.howD.whetherA.ignoredB.neglectedC.rememberedD.noticedA.offerB.affordC.awardD.rewardA.inB.onC
10、.atD.aroundA.commit themselves toB.commit themselves onC.commute themselves toD.comply themselves toA.work inB.work outC.work overD.work offA.recallsB.enlistsC.convenesD.collectsA.in principleB.in confidenceC.in nameD.in earnest二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehensio
11、n_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three of four maps presents a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasts are able to determine the spe
12、ed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface
13、 over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time. All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain an enormous amount of information about weather
14、 conditions existing at the time of observation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, frosts, droughts, and all climatic conditions in general. Tw
15、ice a month it issues a 30-day “outlook“ which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air levels with often set the stage for the development of air masses, fronts, and storms. Consid
16、erable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments a
17、re also in progress for weather modification studies. But the limitations of weather modification have prevented meteorological results except in the seeding of super-cooled, upslope mountainous winds which have produced additional orographical precipitation on the windward side of mountain ranges.
18、Nevertheless, they have provided a clearer understanding of the fundamentals of weather elements.（分数：10.00）(1).One characteristic of weather maps not mentioned by the author in this passage is_.（分数：2.00）A.wind speedB.thermal changesC.frontsD.barometric pressure(2).The thirty-day forecast is determin
19、ed by examining_.（分数：2.00）A.upper air levelsB.satellite reportsC.changing frontsD.daily air maps(3).The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageous because it_.（分数：2.00）A.gives the scientist information not obtained readily otherwiseB.enables man to alter the weatherC.uses electr
20、onic instrumentsD.is modern(4).A weather map is synoptic because it_.（分数：2.00）A.summarizes a great deal of informationB.can be interpreted accuratelyC.appears dailyD.shows changing fronts(5).At the present time, experiments are being conducted in_.（分数：2.00）A.30-day “outlook“B.controlling stormsC.sat
21、ellitesD.manipulating weatherImagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotiona world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, nei
22、ther anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm o
23、ne another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society“s economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no
24、more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them. In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic in
25、strument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object“s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can d
26、o to ushurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations coloured by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good“ and oth
27、ers are “bad“, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social lifefrom what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, gui
28、lt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals when perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such flying fighter planes in a war, and Uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to
29、engage in antisocial acts.（分数：10.00）(1).The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that_.（分数：2.00）A.they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB.they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC.they would not be happy with a lif
30、e without loveD.they would do things that hurt each other“s feeling(2).According to the passage, people“s learning activities are possible because they_.（分数：2.00）A.believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveB.benefit from rewarded for doing the right thingC.know what is vital to pro
31、gress of societyD.enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependen on_.（分数：2.00）A.the ability to make moneyB.the will to work for pleasureC.the capacity to enjoy incentivesD.the categorizations of our emotional
32、experiences(4).Emotions are significant for man“s survival and adaptation because_.（分数：2.00）A.they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objectsB.they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintainedC.they encourage people to perform dangerous ac
33、hievementsD.they generate more love than hate among people(5).The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they_.（分数：2.00）A.help society exploit its members for profitB.encourage us to perform important tasksC.help to perfect the legal and penal systemD.hel
34、p us adapt our behaviour to the world surrounding usReal policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV. The first difference is that a policeman“s real life revolves found criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be u
35、sed to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and-rain, running down a street after someone he wants to talk to. Little of his time is spent in chatting, he will spend most of his working life typ
36、ing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty of stupid, petty crimes. Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he“s arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in
37、 very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching. Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of difference evidence. The third big difference between the drama detec
38、tive and the real one is the unpleasant pressures, first, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules
39、 in small ways. If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindednessas he sees itof citizens, social workers, doctors
40、, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine-tenths of their work is recatching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.（分数：10.00
41、）(1).A policeman has to be trained in criminal law because_.（分数：2.00）A.he must be able to tell when and where a crime is committedB.he must justify the arrests he makes of criminalsC.he must behave as professional lawyers doD.he must work hard to help reform criminals(2).What is the most suitable wo
42、rd that describes the work of a policeman according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.DistressingB.DramaticC.DangerousD.Demanding(3).According to the passage, policemen spend most of their time and efforts_.（分数：2.00）A.consulting the rules of lawB.collecting and providing evidenceC.tracking and arresting cri
43、minalsD.patrolling the street, rain or shine(4).What“s the policeman“s biggest headache?（分数：2.00）A.He has to justify his arrests while unable to provide sufficient evidence in most cases.B.He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possible expense.C.He has to get the most desir
44、able results without breaking the law in any way.D.He can hardly find enough time to learn criminal law while burdened with numerous criminal cases.(5).Why do policemen feel separated from the rest of the world?（分数：2.00）A.Because they feel superior to simple-minded people around them.B.Because they
45、are suspicious of the people around them.C.Because they do not receive due support from society.D.Because they find people insincere to them.Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “vir
46、tual“ or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners(从业者). “With virtual reality we“ll be able to put a surgeon in every trench“, said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers. The comp
47、uters would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets(头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that
48、operate on the soldier. Although Satava“s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback
