1、考研英语-试卷 273 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Currently, the American armed forces are the largest professional military on the pla
2、net. Other (1)_ have professional soldiers, (2)_ not as many as the United States. For thousands of years, it was (3)_ that professional soldiers were superior to (4)_ timers. But (5)_ most of history, few nations could (6)_ an army of professionals, at least not on a permanent basis. It wasn“t (7)_
3、 the late 20th century that countries began to (8)_ large, permanent, all-volunteer armed forces that were carefully (9)_ and trained for combat. Britain was the first, when it phased out conscription in 1962. In 1975, the United States followed (10)_. For over a century, conscription has been seen
4、(11)_ the way to remain (12)_ strong without breaking the bank. But the conscripts did not stay in uniform long enough to get really good at fighting. Britain and American were the first two nations to realize that conscription was so (13)_ that the voters would pay extra to (14)_ a professional for
5、ce. Within a decade, an army of professionals begins to pay (15)_. The professionals are not only more (16)_ on the battlefield, but are also, if carefully (17)_ (for education and aptitude) more likely to constantly develop better ways to (18)_ This produces a tremendous battlefield (19)_ It doesn“
6、t make you (20)_, but it does make you very difficult to defeat.（分数：40.00）A.racesB.areasC.nationsD.disciplinesA.andB.butC.orD.notwithstandingA.recognizedB.revisedC.suspendedD.suspectedA.unintelligibleB.passiveC.partD.universalA.inB.throughoutC.forD.unlikeA.affordB.purchaseC.streamlineD.scrutinizeA.d
7、uringB.beforeC.inD.untilA.establishB.integrateC.interveneD.facilitateA.evokedB.carveC.evacuatedD.recruitedA.outletB.suitC.therapyD.originA.inB.byC.asD.onA.militarilyB.theoreticallyC.physicallyD.mentallyA.strenuousB.invalidC.prudentD.unpopularA.propelB.muteC.maintainD.opposeA.forB.upC.outD.offA.fragi
8、leB.lethalC.punctualD.vulnerableA.notifiedB.provokedC.selectedD.manifestedA.liberateB.impartC.hinderD.fightA.advantageB.harmonyC.hazardD.savageA.invariableB.invincibleC.robustD.rigorous二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following fo
9、ur texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._“It is an evil influence on the youth of our country.“ A politician condemning video gaming? Actually, a clergyman denouncing rock and roll 50 years ago. But the sentiment could just as easily have been voiced by Hillary Clinto
10、n in the past few weeks, as she blamed video games for “a silent epidemic of media desensitization“ and “stealing the innocence of our children“. The gaming future centers on “Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas“, a popular and notoriously violent cops and robbers game that turned out to contain hidden se
11、x scenes that could be unlocked using a patch downloaded from the Internet. The resulting outcry (mostly from Democratic politicians playing to the centre) caused the game“s rating in America to be changed from “mature“, which means you have to be 17 to buy it, to “adults only“, which means you have
12、 to be 18, but also means that big retailers such as Wal-Mart will not stock it. As a result the game has been banned in Australia; and, this autumn, America“s Federal Trade Commission will investigate the complaints. That will give gaming“s opponents an opportunity to vent their wrath on the indust
13、ry. Skepticism of new media is a tradition with deep roots, going back at least as far as Socrates objections to written texts, outlined in Plato“s Phaedrus. Socrates worried that relying on written texts, rather than the oral tradition, would “create forgetfulness in the learners“ souls, because th
14、ey will not use their memories; they will trust to the external written characters and not remember of themselves.“ (He also objected that a written version of a speech was no substitute for the ability to interrogate the speaker, since, when questioned, the text “always gives one unvarying answer“.
15、 His objection, in short, was that books were not interactive. Perhaps Socrates would have thought more highly of video games.) Novels were once considered too low-brow for university literature courses, but eventually the disapproving professors retired. Waltz music and dancing were condemned in th
16、e 19th century; all that twirling was thought to be “intoxicating“ and “depraved“, and the music was outlawed in some places. Today it is hard to imagine what the fuss was about. And rock and roll was thought to encourage violence, promiscuity and Satanism but today even grannies buy Coldplay albums
17、.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the text that human beings have a history of_.（分数：2.00）A.fascination for the academic establishmentB.enthusiasm for juvenile psychologyC.disbelief in the novel mediumD.hatred of political corruption(2).The attitudes of Socrates and Hillary Clinton toward the novel me
18、dium are_.（分数：2.00）A.identicalB.optimisticC.panickedD.confused(3).Video games would have been recommended by Socrates due to its_.（分数：2.00）A.text messagesB.oral traditionC.unvarying answersD.two-way communication(4).To which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?（分数：2.00）A.T
19、he emergence of video games is bound to breed evil.B.There“s no legal ruling that video games are bad for people, and they may be positively good.C.University literature courses are subject to the harassment of video games.D.There“s no sound proof that adults are prone to the moral decline when enga
20、ged in video games.(5).When mentioning novels, waltz music and rock and roll, the author is suggesting_.（分数：2.00）A.the mishaps of voguesB.the misfortune of art masterpiecesC.the prospect of video gamesD.the effects of various art forms“You are not here to tell me what to do. You are here to tell me
21、why I have done what I have already decided to do,“ Montagu Norman, the Bank of England“s longest serving governor (1920-1944), is reputed to have once told his economic adviser. Today, thankfully, central banks aim to be more transparent in their decision making, as well as more rational. But achie
22、ving either of these things is not always easy. With the most laudable of intentions, the Federal Reserve, America“s central bank, may be about to take a step that could backfire. Unlike the Fed, many other central banks have long declared explicit inflation targets and then set interest rates to tr
23、y to meet these. Some economists have argued that the Fed should do the same. With Alan Greenspan, the Fed“s much-respected chairman, due to retire next yearafter a mere 18 years in the jobsome Fed officials want to adopt a target, presumably to maintain the central bank“s credibility in the scary n
24、ew post-Greenspan era. The Fed discussed such a target at its February meeting, according to minutes published this week. This sounds encouraging. However, the Fed is considering the idea just when some other central banks are beginning to question whether strict inflation targeting really works. At
25、 present central banks focus almost exclusively on consumer-price indices. On this measure Mr. Greenspan can boast that inflation remains under control. But some central bankers now argue that the prices of assets, such as houses and shares, should also somehow be taken into account. A broad price i
26、ndex for America which includes house prices is currently running at 5.5%, its fastest pace since 1982. Inflation has simply taken a different form. Should central banks also try to curb increases in such asset prices? Mr. Greenspan continues to insist that monetary policy should not be used to pric
27、k asset-price bubbles. Identifying bubbles is difficult, except in retrospect, he says, and interest rates are a blunt weapon: an increase big enough to halt rising prices could trigger a recession. It is better, he says, to wait for a housing or stock market bubble to burst and then to cushion the
28、economy by cutting interest ratesas he did in 2001-2002. And yet the risk is not just that asset prices can go swiftly into reverse. As with traditional inflation, surging asset prices also distort price signals and so can cause a misallocation of resourcesencouraging too little saving, for example,
29、 or too much investment in housing. Surging house prices may therefore argue for higher interest rates than conventional inflation would demand. In other words, strict inflation targetingthe fad of the 1990sis too crude.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “minutes“(Paragraph 2) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.r
30、ecordB.new-letterC.announcementD.motive(2).According to the text, it is upsetting that the Federal Reserve does not take into ac count inflation targets_.（分数：2.00）A.until what to do is clarifiedB.until explicit inflation targets are declaredC.until increases in asset prices are CurbedD.until its eff
31、iciency is cast doubt on(3).We can learn from the third paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.increases in asset prices are interfered by the Federal ReservesB.more emphasis should be placed on consumer-price indicesC.changes have taken place in the pattern of inflationD.inflation have been brought under feder
32、al control(4).It is implied in the fourth paragraph that Mr. Greenspan is skeptical of_.（分数：2.00）A.the stipulation of anti-monopoly rules and regulationsB.the intervention by central banks in asset pricesC.the prevention of economic recessionD.the countdown by the Federal Reserve of new economic uph
33、eavals(5).Which of the followings would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.American Monetary Conundrums Are Readily Deciphered.B.American Central Banks Are on the Verge of Extinction.C.Conventional Inflation Target Is Best Employed in Transparent Environment.D.America“s Monetary Policy Is off
34、 Target.It may be just as well for Oxford University“s reputation that this week“s meeting of Congregation, its 3,552-strong governing body, was held in secret, for the air of civilized rationality that is generally supposed to pervade donnish conversation has lately turned fractious. That“s because
35、 the vice-chancellor, the nearest thing the place has to a chief executive, has proposed the most fundamental reforms to the university since the establishment of the college system in 1249; and a lot of the dons and colleges don“t like it. The trouble with Oxford is that it is unmanageable. Its pro
36、blemsthe difficulty of recruiting good dons and of getting rid of bad ones, concerns about academic standards, severe money worries at some collegesall spring from that. John Hood, who was recruited as vice-chancellor from the University of Auckland and is now probably the most hated antipodean in B
37、ritish academic life, reckons he knows how to solve this, and has proposed to reduce the power of dons and colleges and increase that of university administrators. Mr. Hood is right that the university“s management structure needs an overhaul. But radical though his proposals seem to those involved
38、in the current row, they do not go far enough. The difficulty of managing Oxford stems only partly from the nuttiness of its system of governance; the more fundamental problem lies in its relationship with the government. That“s why Mr. Hood should adopt an idea that was once regarded as teetering o
39、n the lunatic fringe of radicalism, but these days is discussed even in polite circles. The idea is independence. Oxford gets around 5,000($9,500) per undergraduate per, year from the government. In return, it accepts that it can charge students only 1,150 (rising to 3,000 next year) on top of that.
40、 Since it probably costs at least 10,000 a year to teach an undergraduate, that leaves Oxford with a deficit of 4,000 or so per student to cover from its own funds. If Oxford declared independence, it would lose the 52m undergraduate subsidy at least. Could it fill the hole? Certainly. America“s top
41、 universities charge around 20,000 per student per year. The difficult issue would not be money alone: it would be balancing numbers of not-so-brilliant rich people paying top whack with the cleverer poorer ones they were cross subsidizing. America“s top universities manage it: high fees mean better
42、 teaching, which keeps competition hot and academic standards high, while luring enough donations to provide bursaries for the poor. It should be easier to extract money from alumni if Oxford were no longer state-funded.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the author“s attitude toward John Hood is o
43、ne of_.（分数：2.00）A.enthusiastic supportB.slight contemptC.strong disapprovalD.reserved consent(2).It is implied in the third paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.reliance upon official subsidy has bred the current predicament of OxfordB.an overhaul of Oxford management structure is urgently neededC.the nuttine
44、ss of Oxford system of governance may be easily removedD.the current row is essential to many in polite circle(3).The term “bursaries“(Paragraph 5) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.preferential policiesB.scholarship or grantC.free stationery and accommodationD.sheltering and meals(4).We can see from
45、the available statistics that the_.（分数：2.00）A.the current financial status of Oxford results from its being state-fundedB.radical reforms concentrate on Oxford management structureC.Oxford independence might become a barrier to its recruiting good donsD.notorious reputation results in Oxford meeting
46、 of Congregation held this week(5).To which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?（分数：2.00）A.The contribution from alumni won“t lure ample donation by the wealthy.B.The civilized rationality is gradually spoiled by fractious nature.C.The row going on in Oxford is passionat
47、e but beside the point.D.American“s top universities are somewhat apprehensive of their current status but over-confident of their prospect.Elections often tell you more about what people are against than what they are for. So it is with the European ones that took place last week in all 25 European
48、 Union member countries. These elections, widely trumpeted as the world“s biggest-ever multinational democratic vote, were fought for the most part as 25 separate national contests, which makes it tricky to pick out many common themes. But the strongest are undoubtedly negative. Europe“s voters are angry and disillusionedand they have demonstrated their anger and disillusion in three main ways. The most obvious was by abstaining. The average overall turnout was just over 4
