1、考研英语-试卷 268 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Everything seemed to have become a weapon of war. Our enemies had (1)_ the most famil
2、iar objects (2)_ us, turned shaving kits into holsters and airplanes (3)_ missiles and soccer coaches and newlyweds into involuntary suicide bombers. So it was (4)_ the President and his generals to plot the response. That is because we are (5)_ one enemy but two: one unseen, the other inside. Terro
3、r on this scale (6)_ to wreck the way we live our lives make us flinch when a siren sounds, (7)_ when a door slams and think twice before deciding (8)_ we really have to take a plane. If we falter, they win, (9)_ they never plant another bomb. So after the early helplessness, what can I do? I“ve alr
4、eady given blood-people started to realize that (10)_ they could do was exactly, as precisely as possible, (11)_ they would have done if all this (12)_. That was the spirit (13)_ in New York and Washington and all across the country, faith and fear and resolve in a tight braid. Because the killers w
5、ho hate us did the (14)_, nothing is unthinkable now. A plume of grill smoke venting from a Manhattan steak house (15)_ the evacuation of midtown office towers. After the Pentagon (16)_, generals called their families and told them (17)_ the water, it could be poisoned. Sales of guns and gas masks s
6、piked. The National Football League (18)_ its games for the first time ever; bomb scares emptied 90 sites on Thursday in New York City (19)_. People wore sneakers with their suits (20)_ they had to fly fast down the stairs.（分数：40.00）A.usedB.changeC.appliedD.turnedA.fightB.struggleC.againstD.opposite
7、A.toB.outC.intoD.withA.fromB.forC.byD.up toA.fighting notB.not fightingC.not to fightD.not foughtA.meansB.is meantC.meantD.is meaningA.jumpB.jumpingC.jumpedD.to jumpA.ifB.whetherC.whenD.howA.ifB.evenC.untilD.even ifA.whatB.thatC.whichD.whoA.wheneverB.whoeverC.whateverD.howeverA.did not happenB.hadn“
8、t happenedC.haven“t happenedD.would not happenedA.buildB.builtC.buildingD.has builtA.thoughtlessB.unthinkableC.thoughtD.thoughtfulA.leadingB.ledC.leads toD.leading toA.hitB.was hitC.attackingD.being attackedA.not to drinkB.to drink notC.not drinkD.drink notA.forbadeB.prohibitedC.canceledD.cut downA.
9、onlyB.justC.merelyD.aloneA.in caseB.whenC.so long asD.if only二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Generally a saving in energy consumption is insuffi
10、cient incentive for the consumer to purchase new cooking equipment unless other improvements (e.g. shorter cooking periods, fewer cleaning difficulties and improved appearance) are available as well. For the individual, there is a natural reticence to incur rapid changes because of the valid economi
11、c desire to exploit existing capital investment to the maximum: this is the major problem with many proposed energy-thrift measures. However, caterers should appreciate that by reducing energy wastages; they will not only be saving money, but also improving the working environment within their kitch
12、ens. Retro-fitting existing cookers with energy-conservation improvements in order to raise achievable efficiencies will occur only rarely. For the most immediate significant impact nationally, with respect to reducing the energy expended upon cooking, better management is recommended. Lawson sugges
13、ted that about 16 PJ per year could be saved in the British catering sector by adopting improved operational practices. If only 10% of the energy used for catering purposes in the domestic sector could also be saved, overall national savings would amount to approximately 44 PJ per annum. To achieve
14、this aim, a comprehensive and straight-forward program of energy-thrift education for housewives, cooks and kitchen managers is needed. This will require all concerned to exercise considerable personal discipline. The present approach, whereby individuals make purchasing decisions mainly on visual a
15、nd first-cost grounds-partly because the cooking appliance and food manufacturing industries rarely provide adequate scientific data to support their claims should be supplemented by other considerations. Food is too fundamental to human life, health and happiness to be considered an unworthy subjec
16、t by intellectuals. For example, even the typical Briton (who tends to be casual about eating compared with most of his foreign counterparts) spends between 5% and 13% of his waking hours preparing, cooking and/or cleaning away after meals. Nevertheless, energy wastage prevails both on a national sc
17、ale (e.g. storing vast quantities of food at sub-ambient temperatures in so-called food mountains); and on an individual scale (e.g. performing hob operations without placing lids on the pans employed).（分数：10.00）(1).If energy wastages are to be reduced, cooks_.（分数：2.00）A.can only save moneyB.should
18、increase the cooking efficiencyC.need to have the knowledge of food manufactureD.will enjoy better working environment in their kitchens(2).What does “reticence“ in the first paragraph mean?（分数：2.00）A.Inclination.B.Restraint.C.Expectation.D.Contact.(3).Which of the following statements is NOT true a
19、ccording to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Consumers take other factors into consideration when buying cooking equipments.B.Retro-fitting existing cookers to raise achievable efficiencies will occur only rarely.C.People have valid desire to exploit existing capital investment to the maximum.D.Consumers buy a n
20、ew cooking equipment only for the purpose of saving energy.(4).To save energy, cooks and kitchen managers should receive_.（分数：2.00）A.cooking technique educationB.energy-saving educationC.comprehensive educationD.capital investment education(5).Food is so fundamental to human life that_.（分数：2.00）A.we
21、 should reduce energy wastagesB.many people take it for grantedC.cooking equipment is importantD.intellectuals pay great attention to itCenturies ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind. In t
22、his way the North American Indians produce pemmican, the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dry dates and apricot leather. All foods contain water-cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish anything from 80%
23、to 60% depending on how fatty it is. If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria that cause food to deteriorate is checked. Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in
24、general, the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun. In order to prevent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulfur before drying. Plums, for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an a
25、lkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating, so increasing the rate of drying. Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of abou
26、t 110 at entry to about 43 at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish. Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current
27、of hot air passes. In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes;“ in the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables
28、 are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed. Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers
29、 in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.（分数：10.00）(1).The shrimps contain as much water as_.（分数：2.00）A.75%B.93%C.23%D.85%(2).How is
30、the fruit sun-dried in South Africa?（分数：2.00）A.It is made into raisins and currants.B.It is spread out in an alkaline solution.C.It is exposed to the fumes, of burning sulfur.D.It is put on trays in dry place in the hot sun.(3).Contemporarily the minced meat is most commonly dried_.（分数：2.00）A.in the
31、 sun and windB.in bet-air chamberC.on the open-air traysD.over a hot steel cylinder(4).How is the powdered milk made according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.By passing through a grinding machine.B.In the same way as vegetables and fish.C.With the help of the small and coarse flakes.D.Through pouring it
32、over a heated horizontal cylinder.(5).Housewives like dried foods because _.（分数：2.00）A.they are quick to prepareB.they weigh less than the same canned foodsC.they are much better than the frozen foodsD.they can be replaced by moisture with boiling waterEvery year 100 million holiday-makers are drawn
33、 to the Mediterranean. With one third of the world“s tourist trade, it is the most popular of all the holiday destinations: it is also the most polluted. It has only 1 percent of the world“s sea surface, but carries more than half the oil and tar floating on the waters. Thousands of factories pour t
34、heir poison into the Mediterranean, and almost every city, town and village on the coast sluices its sewage, untreated, into the sea. The result is that the Mediterranean, which nurtured so many civilizations, is gravely ill-the first of the seas to fall victim to the abilities and attitudes that ev
35、olved around it. And the population does not merely stifle the life of the sea-it threatens the people who inhabit and visit its shores. Typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, polio, viral hepatitis and food poisoning are endemic in the area, and there are periodic outbreaks of cholera. The mournful litan
36、y of disease is caused by sewage. Eight-five percent of the waste from the Mediterranean“s 120 coastal cities is pushed out into the waters where their people and visitors bathe and fish. What is more, most cities just drop it in straight off the beach; rare indeed are the places like Cannes and Tel
37、 Aviv which pipe it even half a mile offshore. Less than 100, 000 of Greece“s four million coastal people have their sewage properly treated-and Greece, is one of the cleaner countries of the northern shore. The worst parts of the sea are Israeli/Lebanon coast and between Barcelona and Genoa, which
38、flushes out over 200 tons of sewage each year for every mile of its length. Not surprisingly, vast areas of the shallows are awash with bacteria and it doesn“t take long for these to reach people. Professor William Brumfit of the Royal Free Hospital once calculated that anyone who goes for a swim in
39、 the Mediterranean has a one in seven chance of getting some sort of disease. Other scientists say this is an overestimate; but almost all of them agree that bathers are at risk. An even greater danger lurks in the seductive seafood dishes that add so much interest to holiday menu. Shellfish are pri
40、me carriers of many of the most vicious diseases of the area. They often grow amid pollution. And even if they don“t they are frequently infected by the popular practice of “freshening them up“ throwing filthy water over them in markets. Industry adds its own poisons. Factories cluster round the coa
41、stline, and even the most modern rarely has proper waste-treatment plant. They do as much damage to the sea as sewage. Fifteen thousand factories foul the Italian Lihurian Riviera. Sixty thousand pollute the Tyrrhenian Sea between Sardinia, Sicily and the west Italian coast! The lagoon of Venice alo
42、ne receives the effluents of 76 factories. Thousands of tons of pesticides are blown off the fields into the sea, detergents from millions of sinks kill fish, and fertilizers, flushed out to sea, nourish explosions of plankton which cover bathers with itchy slime. Then there is the oil130,000 tons p
43、ouring each year from ships, 115,000 tons more from industries round the shore. Recent studies show that the Mediterranean is four times as polluted as the north Atlantic, 20 times as bad as the north-east Pacific. Apart from the nine-mile-wide Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean is landlocked, v
44、irtually unable to cleanse itself. It takes 80 years for the water to be renewed, through the narrow, shallow straits, far too slow a process to cope with the remorseless rush of pollution.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the Mediterranean_.（分数：2.00）A.accounts for one-third of the world“s tou
45、rist populationB.is the most polluted area on earthC.has only 1 percent of the world“s surfaceD.is the most polluted sea in the world(2).What advice is given to tourists according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Shellfish are prime dishes for tourists.B.It is very risky to go for a swim in the Mediterranean.
46、C.The seafood dishes are very appetizing to take.D.It is very dangerous to eat shellfish.(3).Judging from the context, the word “lurk“(Line 1, Para. 9) probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.to exist unseenB.to wait quietlyC.to attract greatlyD.to move irregularly(4).According to the passage, all the following
47、may cause damage to the sea EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.sewageB.pesticidesC.detergents and fertilizersD.plankton which cover bathers with itchy slime(5).It may be inferred that the Mediterranean is_.（分数：2.00）A.landlocked by the nine-mile-wide Strait of GibraltarB.four times as polluted by oil as the north Atla
48、nticC.a victim of tourism, sewage and industryD.the worst polluted area in the worldIt is hard to get any agreement on the precise meaning of the term “social class“ In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale. The criteria we use to place a new acquaintance, however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress, way of speaking, area of residence in
