1、考研英语-试卷 260及答案解析(总分：130.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system
2、in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that【1】a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who【2】recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no【3】or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain【4
3、】while completing a task that could【5】either reward or punishment. 【6】with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had【7】neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward.【8】, the high-risk girls showed no【9】in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingu
4、lated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in【10】past experiences to assist learning. The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area【11】receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time【12】infor
5、mation about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure. “Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed【13】reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically【14】in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression,【15】the
6、y have not yet experienced a depressive【16】,“ wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. “【17】, longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations【18】in this study during the processing of【19】and losses are associated with the【20】onset of depression,
7、“ they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.（分数：40.00）A.embodiedB.includedC.concludedD.consistedA.experiencedB.undertookC.subjectedD.experimentedA.personalB.uniqueC.privateD.singleA.explorationsB.examinationsC.detectionsD.scansA.result fromB.suppose t
8、oC.result inD.lead inA.MadeB.RegardedC.InsistedD.ComparedA.strongerB.weakerC.lowerD.higherA.DirectlyB.HardlyC.SpecificallyD.InitiallyA.movementB.signC.symbolD.activationA.reinforcingB.improvingC.weakeningD.slackingA.whyB.whenC.whereverD.whereasA.processingB.countingC.employingD.implyingA.afterB.amon
9、gC.withD.duringA.repairedB.impairedC.healedD.damagedA.becauseB.andC.henceD.althoughA.anecdoteB.timeC.episodeD.processA.ClearlyB.SkepticallyC.NonethelessD.HoweverA.carriedB.observedC.effectedD.sufferedA.criticismsB.punishmentsC.rewardsD.allowancesA.subsequentB.inadequateC.sequentialD.frequent二、Readin
10、g Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：50.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._It seemed so promisingmirrors sprawled across desert land in the scorching southwest delivering clean electricity and hel
11、ping Americans out of the increasing fuel crisis. Some scientists and industry developers claim that Nevada“s empty and sun-drenched expanses alone could supply enough electricity to power the entire country. Now even the optimists fear this wonderful prospect may be a mirage. Congress cannot make u
12、p their mind to extend the tax-reducing bill for solar-energy projects, which solar advocates say is critical to the future of their industry but which is due to expire at the end of the year. The latest attempt failed in the Senate earlier this month, prospects for a deal before November“s presiden
13、tial and congressional elections now look dim. Uncertainty has led some investors to delay or abandon projects in the past few months. Rhone Resch, the president of the Solar Energy Industries Association, said if the tax-reducing bill is allowed to expire at the end of the year, “it will result in
14、the loss of billions of dollars in new investments in solar. “ Further dampening hopes for a big solar-energy boom, the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has abruptly suspended new applications to put solar collectors on federal land. The agency says it has received more than 130 applications
15、and needs to conduct a region-wide environmental impact study on the industry before it will accept any more. The study will take 22 months to complete, however. Few argue against trying to preserve precious water sources and protect desert tortoises and other creatures that might not enjoy cohabiti
16、ng with sprawling fields of mirrors. But many solar advocates wonder why the government is not acting as cautiously when it comes to drilling for oil and gas. Senator Maria Cantwell, a Democrat from Washington State, wants a congressional probe into the proposed suspension. “The fact that the BLM po
17、ps this out without people even knowing about it, especially when solar thermal looks extremely promising as a power source, is not right,“ she says. Harry Reid of Nevada, who is the majority leader in the Senate, also condemns the BLM“s freeze, saying that it could “slow new development to a crawl“
18、. The BLM is not without its supporters, however. At a public meeting on June 23rd in Golden, Colorado, Alex Daue, of the Wilderness Society, said that his organization supports renewable energy development as long as it doesn“t damage other important resources. The message is clear: no rubber stamp
19、s, even for renewable energy.（分数：10.00）(1).“mirrors sprawled across desert land“ is mentioned to_.（分数：2.00）A.show the technology of solar energyB.spotlight the high technology in the United StatesC.introduce the prospect of solar energyD.explain how to make use of Nevada“s empty and sun-drenched exp
20、anses(2).The word “mirage“ (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.insightB.crazeC.visionD.prospect(3).According to Senator Maria Cantwell,_.（分数：2.00）A.the BLM should suspend new applications to put solar collectors on federal landB.the BLM should not suspend new applications to put so
21、lar collectors on federal landC.the congress should decide whether to suspend new applications or notD.the congress should send experts to help the BLM to make decisions(4).What does the last sentence of the text mean?（分数：2.00）A.Even the project of renewable energy should not be granted.B.Even the p
22、roject of renewable energy should not produce wastes.C.Even the project of renewable energy should not pollute the environment.D.Even the project of renewable energy should not be suspended.(5).Which of the following titles is closest to the message the text tries to convey?（分数：2.00）A.Renewable Ener
23、gyB.A heavy Blow for Solar EnergyC.Environment and Solar EnergyD.Do We Need Solar Energy?A bite of a cookie containing peanuts could cause the airway to constrict fatally. Sharing a toy with another child who had earlier eaten a peanut butter and jelly sandwich could raise a case of hives. A peanut
24、butter cup dropped in a Halloween bag could contaminate the rest of the treats, posing an unknown risk. These are the scenarios that “make your bone marrow turn cold“ according to L. Val Giddings, vice president for food and agriculture of the Biotechnology Industry Organization. Besides representin
25、g the policy interests of food biotech companies in Washington, D. C., Giddings is the father of a four-year-old boy with a severe peanut allergy. Peanuts are only one of the most allergenic foods; estimates of the number of people who experience a reaction to the beans hover around 2 percent of the
26、 population. Giddings says that peanuts are only one of several foods that biotechnologists are altering genetically in an attempt to eliminate the proteins that do great harm to some people“s immune systems. Although soy allergies do not usually cause life-threatening reactions, the scientists are
27、also targeting soybeans, which can be found in two thirds of all manufactured food, making the supermarket a minefield for people allergic to soy. Biotechnologists are focusing on wheat, too, and might soon expand their research to the rest of the “big eight“ allergy-inducing foods: tree nuts, milk,
28、 eggs, shellfish and fish. Last September, for example, Anthony J. Kinney, a crop genetics researcher at DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington, Del., and his colleagues reported using a technique called RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the genes that encode p34, a protein responsible for causi
29、ng 65 percent of all soybean allergies. RNAi exploits the mechanism that cells use to protect themselves against foreign genetic material; it causes a cell to destroy RNA transcribed from a given gene, effectively turning off the gene. Whether the public will accept food genetically modified to be l
30、ow-allergen is still unknown. Courtney Chabot Dreyer, a spokesperson for Pioneer Hi-Bred International, a subsidiary of DuPont, says that the company will conduct studies to determine whether a promising market exists for low allergen soy before developing the seeds for sale to farmers. She estimate
31、s that Pioneer Hi-Bred is seven years away from commercializing the altered soybeans. Doug Gurian-Sherman, scientific director of the biotechnology project at the Center for Science in the Public Interesta group that has advocated enhanced Food and Drug Administration oversight for genetically modif
32、ied foodscomments that his organization would not oppose low-allergen foods if they prove to be safe. But he wonders about “identity preservation“ a term used in the food industry to describe the deliberate separation of genetically engineered and no nengineered products. A batch of nonengineered pe
33、anuts or soybeans might contaminate machinery reserved for low-allergen versions, he suggests, reducing the benefit of the gene-altered food. Such issues of identity preservation could make low-allergen genetically modified foods too costly to produce, Chabot Dreyer admits. But, she says, “it“s stil
34、l too early to see if that“s true. “（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, foods have been genetically altered to_.（分数：2.00）A.taste more deliciousB.to cure people“s ineffectiveness in immune systemC.to promote sales of peanutD.to lower the chance to get allergy(2).What can be inferred about geneticall
35、y modified foods from the text?（分数：2.00）A.People do not accept any genetically modified foods.B.All genetically modified foods will be of benefit to people“s health.C.Genetically modified foods still have a long way to go.D.Genetically modified foods will soon be sold in supermarkets.(3).According t
36、o the text, which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.Genetically modified foods have been supervised by the authority.B.Genetically modified foods have proved to be safe.C.The no engineered foods absolutely can be contaminated by the engineered foods.D.The engineered foods are immediatel
37、y profitable for the food companies.(4).From the text, we can know that RNAi_.（分数：2.00）A.can deprive cells of certain mechanismB.can protect cells against foreign genetic materialC.can be effective on 34 kinds of genesD.can cause soybean allergies(5).What is the author“s attitude towards genetically
38、 modified foods?（分数：2.00）A.Supportive.B.Unbiased.C.Partial.D.Skeptical.While the ripples of America“s subprime-mortgage crisis have spread far and wide, Latin Americaa place long associated with financial disasterhas remained improbably calm. Banks have reported no unpleasant surprises. Brazil and P
39、eru have been blessed with coveted investment-grade ratings. Surprisingly, perhaps the fleetest country of all has been Argentina. Since it emerged from the financial crisis of 2001-02, it has been one of the world“s fastest-growing economies. It is expected to expand faster than most of its neighbo
40、rs again this year. Quite simply, it barely has any credit. Back when its economy virtually collapsed, the country suffered a run on its banks, followed by a freeze on withdrawals, and a massive currency devaluation. As a result, bank lending to the private sector shrivelled, from 23.8% of GDP in 20
41、00 to 10.8% in 2003. Since then, it has rebounded to a piddling 13% ; by contrast, the ratio in Brazil was 36.5% in 2006. Almost all of these loans in Argentina are accessible only on a short-term basis. Once its recovery began in June 2002, Argentina became a paradise for business. Unemployment of
42、over 20% kept wages down, and the devaluation gave exporters an edge on foreign competitors. The ample productive capacity left idle by the crisis meant firms could expand without making big investments. And the windfall profits reaped by agricultural exporters, thanks to record commodities prices,
43、enabled many of them to finance new projects out of earnings. Hence the economy could grow at almost 9% a year with little need for credit. But such a lucky confluence of factors could not last. Starting in early 2005 ,.inflation picked up, a sign that the installed capacity was starting to limit ou
44、tput. Salaries and prices for raw materials increased sharply, cutting into profits. And farmers were particularly hard hit when the government nearly doubled the taxes in farm exports. Now, just as companies need to embark on big investments if they are to keep growing, their margins are no longer
45、big enough to pay for the expansion and they need to borrow. So, the time is ripe for the country“s financial system to recover. But a number of things are in the way. Foremost is Argentina“s business risk. Those in the informal economy (which represents over 40% of GDP) can neither save nor borrow
46、legally, lest they become known to the taxmen. The rest remain cowed by memories of the crisis. Although Argentines have poured their savings into property, fuelling a construction boom, they still hold about four-fifths of their deposits abroad. Inflation, fuelled by a public-spending binge, state-
47、mandated wage increases, and a cheap currency, is not helping either. No one knows how high it is. The consumer-price index is doctored to keep the official rate below 10%, but private estimates suggest it is near 25%. Without a reliable index of inflation, lending is almost impossible, even for the
48、 medium term. And the central bank has kept interest rates strongly negative in real terms, encouraging workers to spend their wages rather than to save.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.Latin America has been greatly influenced by America“s subprime-mortgage crisisB.Latin America is suffering a financial disasterC.Argentina has suffered a financial crisis at the beginning of this centuryD.Argentina“s economy grows faster than any other countries“ economy(2).Argentina“s economy began its recovery in 2002. According to the text, which of the following
