1、考研英语-试卷 258 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Black death that drove Newton from his college and into a momentous discovery, (1)_ E
2、ngland in 1665. Astronomical records of the time show that (2)_ was a year of intense sun-spot activity, and studies of annual tree (3)_, which are wider when the sun is disturbed (4)_ that the terrible plague of 1348 was (5)_ accompanied by an active sun. This sounds incredible, (6)_ we now have ev
3、idence that the sun has a direct effect on some of our body (7)_. Over 120,000 tests made on people in a Black Sea (8)_ to measure the number of lymphocytes in their blood. These small cells normally (9)_ between 20 and 25 percent of man“s white blood cells, but in years of great solar activity this
4、 (10)_ decreases. There was a biff drop during the sunspot years of 1986 and 1987, and number of people (11)_ from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency (12)_ doubled during the tremendous solar explosion of February 1986. Many of the body“s (13)_ seem to be influenced by sun-induced changes in
5、 the earth“s magnetic (14)_. If this is so, one (15)_ to find that the nervous system, which depends on electrical stimuli, would be the most (16)_. A study of 5,580 coalmine accidents (17)_ the Ruhr river shows that most occurred on the day following solar activity. Studies of traffic accidents in
6、Russia and in Germany show that these increase, by as much as four (18)_ the average, on days after the (19)_ of a solar flare. This suggests that accidents may be (20)_ a disturbance deeper than a simple decrease in reaction time. These results make it clear that man is, among other things, a remar
7、kably sensitive living sundial.（分数：40.00）A.blanketedB.sweptC.coveredD.spreadA.thisB.suchC.soD.eitherA.ringsB.cyclesC.circlesD.roundsA.surveyB.revealC.predictD.releaseA.stillB.evenC.thenD.alsoA.butB.becauseC.unlessD.whenA.chemistryB.constructionC.physiologyD.constitutionA.retreatB.reserveC.resortD.re
8、fugeA.put inB.take overC.make upD.set offA.numberB.figureC.shareD.proportionA.sufferedB.sufferC.sufferingD.to sufferA.unexpectedlyB.actuallyC.disappointedlyD.practicallyA.performancesB.operationsC.functionsD.workings:A.environmentB.fieldC.layerD.shellA.would expectB.expectsC.expectD.expectedA.affect
9、edB.respectedC.protectedD.connectedA.besideB.atC.byD.onA.times aboveB.timeC.times inD.timesA.formationB.explosionC.eruptionD.propulsionA.due toB.apt forC.all butD.prior to二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answ
10、er the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._The Supreme Court“s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted su
11、icide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect“, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the doctor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that prin
12、ciple in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients“ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very
13、 strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might has-ten death. “George Annas, chief of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor pre-scribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has
14、 done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It“s like surgery,“ he says. “We don“t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn“t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you“re a physician, you can risk your patient“s suicide as long
15、as you don“t intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Court“s ruling on physic
16、ian-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period
17、of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and trea
18、ting pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it consti
19、tutes “systematic patient abuse.“ He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.“（分数：10.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that _.（分数：2.00）A.doctors used to increase
20、 drug dosages to control their patients“ painB.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide(2).Which of the following statements its true according to the text
21、?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients“ death.B.Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D.A doctor“s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.(3).A
22、ccording to the NAS“s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is _.（分数：2.00）A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care(4).Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive“(Paragraph 6)?（分数：2.00）A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Ca
23、reless.D.Desperate.(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they _.（分数：2.00）A.manage their patients incompetentlyB.give patients more medicine than neededC.reduce drug dosages for their patientsD.prolong the needless suffering of the patientsThe more women and minorit
24、ies make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk a bout things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyone“s expe
25、rience in the organization. Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management department, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT image 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Colem
26、an concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it won“t secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are. Ridiculous beliefs?
27、Not too many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales have dropped from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,“ says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporations deal with th
28、ese issues. “They think that if you work hard, you“ll get ahead that someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion.“ She added, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they“ve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down their visibility.“ He
29、r advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid“(Para. 1) probably refers to “_“.（分数：2.00）A.the opinions which contradict the established belie
30、fsB.criticisms that shape everyone“s experienceC.the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD.the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization(2).To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, i
31、s to _.（分数：2.00）A.work as a consultant to your superiorsB.project a favorable image to the people around youC.let your superiors know how good you areD.perform well your tasks given by your superiors(3).The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they _.（分数：2.00）A.know that so
32、meone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB.don“t want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorC.don“t want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefsD.believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color(4).The best title for th
33、is passage would be _.（分数：2.00）A.The Importance of Being VisibleB.Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementC.Job Performance and AdvancementD.Sex and Career Success(5).In the last paragraph, “play down their visibility“ refers to _.（分数：2.00）A.show offB.be very modestC.not show themselvesD.to debase
34、 themselvesUnder certain circumstances, the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure. For example, gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressur
35、e exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body, otherwise breathing
36、 is very difficult. Therefore all of the gases in the air breathed by a scuba diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen, which composes 80 percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres, nitr
37、ogen causes symptoms resembling alcohol intoxication, known as nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct effect on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen cause under these pressurized helium does not exert a similar narcotic effect. As a scuba diver descends, the pres
38、sure of nitrogen in the lungs increases. Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and from the blood to body tissues. The reverse occurs when the diver surfaces; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood, and from the blood into the
39、 lungs. If the return to the surface is too rapid, nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse out rapidly enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed. They can cause severe pains, particularly around the joints. Another complication may result if the breath is held during ascent. During ascent from
40、 a depth of 10 meters, the volume of air in the lungs will double because the air pressure at the surface is only half of what it was at 10 meters. This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture. This condition is called air embolism. To avoid this event, a diver must ascend s
41、lowly, never at a rate exceeding the rise of the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The equipment divers use.B.The effects of pressure on gases in the human body.C.How to prepare for a deep dive.D.The symptoms of nitrogen
42、bubbles in the bloodstream.(2).The word “diffuses“ in Para. 3 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：2.00）A.yieldsB.startsC.surfacesD.travels(3).What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly?（分数：2.00）A.It forms bubbles.B.It goes directly to the brain.C.It is reabsorbed by the lungs
43、.D.It has a narcotic effect.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following presents the greatest danger to diver?（分数：2.00）A.Pressurized helium.B.Nitrogen diffusion.C.Nitrogen bubbles.D.An air embolism.(5).What should a driver do when ascending?（分数：2.00）A.Rise slowly.B.Breathe fa
44、ster.C.Relax completely.D.Breathe helium.As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined
45、with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants in to American society. The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern Europ
46、ean immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, a
47、nd vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, Unions, churches, and other agencies.
48、 Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home. Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women. American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economie
