1、考研英语-试卷 257 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_You hear a great many complaints today about the excessive security consciousness of
2、our young people. My complaint is the (1)_:in the large organizations especially, there are not enough job opportunities for those young people who need challenge and risk. Jobs in which there is greater emphasis on (2)_ performance of well-organized duties (3)_ on imagination especially for the beg
3、innerare to be found, for instance, in the inside jobs (4)_ banking or insurance, (5)_ normally offer great job security but not rapid promotion or large pay. The same is (6)_ most government work, of the railroad industry, particularly in the clerical and engineering branches, and (7)_ most public
4、(8)_. The book keeping and accounting areas, especially in the larger companies, are generally of this type, too (9)_ a successful comptroller is an accountant (10)_ great management and business imagination. At the other extreme are (11)_ areas as buying, selling, and advertising, in which the (12)
5、_ is on adaptability, on imagination, and on a desire to do new and different things. In those areas, (13)_, there is little security, either personal or economic. The rewards, (14)_, are high and come more rapidly. Major premium on imaginationthough of a different kind and coupled (15)_ dogged pers
6、istence on details (16)_ in most research and engineering work. Jobs in production, as supervisor or executive, also demand much adaptability and imagination. (17)_ to popular belief, a very small business requires, above all, close attention to daily routine. Running a neighborhood drugstore or a s
7、mall grocery, or being a toy jobber, is largely attention to details. But in very small business there is also (18)_ for quite a few people of the other type of personalitythe innovator or imaginer. If successful, a man of this type soon ceases to be in a very small business. (19)_ the real innovato
8、r (20)_ is, still, no more promising opportunity in this country than that of building a large out of a very small business.（分数：40.00）A.sameB.aboveC.oppositeD.followsA.awareB.consciousC.obligatoryD.conscientiousA.better thanB.rather thanC.more thanD.less thanA.inB.asC.likeD.eitherA.theyB.itC.whichD.
9、theseA.asB.true ofC.that ofD.withA.nearlyB.inC.ofD.otherA.equipmentB.materialsC.facultiesD.utilitiesA.thoughB.somehowC.somewhatD.anyhowA.ofB.inC.withD.byA.whichB.thatC.suchD.whicheverA.impactB.emphasisC.pressureD.burdenA.at largeB.in a long runC.in a short termD.by and largeA.howeverB.even ifC.someh
10、owD.consequentlyA.byB.withC.intoD.ofA.seepsB.immersesC.permeatesD.prevailsA.ContraryB.ContrastC.ComparedD.OppositionA.spaceB.roomC.placeD.vacancyA.AsB.ThoughC.ForD.SinceA.theyB.thisC.thereD.that二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the fol
11、lowing four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for “academic mobility“ is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and de
12、bated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold. Mobility of this k
13、ind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery
14、, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect. In the twentieth century, and p
15、articularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmis
16、sion of knowledge. Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention, there are far more centers of learning, and a far greater number
17、of scholars and students. In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These peop
18、le would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries. Frequently these specializations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a lo
19、ng time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other
20、in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come be personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, scholars and students are great travelers because（分数：2.
21、00）A.salaries and conditions are better abroad.B.standards are higher at foreign universities.C.they are eager for new knowledge.D.their governments encourage them to travel.(2).What, in the writer“s opinion, happens to a scholar who shares his ideas with his colleagues?（分数：2.00）A.He gains recogniti
22、on for his achievements.B.He attracts large numbers of students.C.He risks his ideas being stolen.D.He is considered slightly mad.(3).The writer thinks that academic work has recently become more specialized because（分数：2.00）A.more people are studying sciences.B.a greater variety of subjects is studi
23、ed.C.more students are doing postgraduate work.D.the number of universities has increased.(4).The writer thinks that the growth of specialist societies and periodicals has helped scholars to（分数：2.00）A.cut down research costs.B.keep up with current developments.C.spend less time travelling.D.develop
24、their ideas more quickly.(5).Developments in international cooperation are often, it is suggested, the result of（分数：2.00）A.articles in learned journals.B.programmes initiated by governments.C.friendships formed by scholars at meetings.D.the work of international agencies.By education, I mean the inf
25、luence of the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitude. It is in being thus susceptible to the environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lower. The lower animals are influenced by the envi
26、ronment but not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredity. When transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Thus the antlion whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards wit
27、h abdomen, goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it, It knows no other mode of flight or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and if interrupted it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions (
28、as useless as cultivating an unsown field) or dies in helpless inactivity. Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pe
29、ncil. Advance in the scale of evolution along such lines as these could only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more complicated instincts. Such beings we know in the ants and spiders. But another line of advance was destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility of which
30、 we do not see the end perhaps even in man. Habits, instead of being born ready-made (When they are called instincts and not habits at all) were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor was the parent who now cared for the young animal duri
31、ng a period of infancy in which vaguer instincts than those of the insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably changed without harm. This means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity becomes less and environment more important. But this is hardly the truth and
32、certainly not the whole truth. For although fixed automatic responses like those of the insectlike creatures are no longer inherited, although selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very definitely still of importance. The ability to acquire h
33、abits can conceivably inherit just as much as can definite responses to narrow situations. Environment and heredity are in no case exclusive but always supplementary factors.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is the most suitable title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.The Evolution of Insects.B.Environment
34、 and Heredity.C.Education: The Influence of the Environment.D.The Instincts of Animals.(2).What can be inferred from the example of the antlion in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Instincts of animals can lead to unreasonable reactions of animals in a strange situation.B.when it is engaged in a chain
35、actions it cannot be interrupted.C.Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects.D.Along the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environment more important.(3).When a spider is removed to a new position where half of a net has been made, it will probably
36、（分数：2.00）A.begin a completely net.B.destroy the half-made net.C.spin the rest of the net.D.stay away from the net.(4).Which of the following is TRUE about habits according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.They are natural endowments to living creatures.B.They are subject to the formative influence of the envi
37、ronment.C.They are more important than instincts to all animals.D.They are destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility in the evolution of human beings.(5).What does the word education in the first paragraph most probably mean?（分数：2.00）A.Susceptibility to the environment.B.Advance in t
38、he scale of evolution.C.Complicated instincts of animals.D.Formative influence of the environment.How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardsh
39、ip. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930“s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in th
40、e labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate
41、 the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the over-whelming majority are from multiple earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which
42、 keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies. Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed
43、 workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any
44、 month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to
45、 find fulltime work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in kind transfers does not necessarily me
46、an that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by
47、job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debatethat the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following does the
48、 “Labor market problems“ refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Shortage of jobs providing adequate income.B.Deficiencies in the training of the work force.C.Trade relationships among producers of goods.D.The overall causes of poverty.(2).The author contrasts the 1930“s with the present in order to show that（分数：2.00）A.more people were unemployed in the 1930“s.B.social programs are more needed now.C.unemployment now has less severe effects.D.there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty.(3).Which of the following prop
