1、考研英语-试卷 252及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An
2、 estimated 90 percent of all illness may be (1)_ if individuals would make sound personal health choices (2)_ upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do nor like to see it (3)_ when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American socie
3、ty allows us to make almost all our personal decisions that may (4)_ our health. If we (5)_ desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat (6)_ foods we want, and lives (7)_ sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is the fundame
4、ntal (8)_ of our society, (9)_ the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to (10)_ often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be (11)_ by friends into believing it is a socially (12)_ thing
5、 to do. A (13)_ of actors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is (14)_ the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any (15)_ individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is (16)
6、_ one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. Experts suggest that to knowingly give (17)_ over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of (18)_ life is similar to attempting suicide. (19)_, personal health choices should (20)_ those behaviors that ar
7、e associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.（分数：40.00）A.stoppedB.preventableC.immunizedD.curedA.constructedB.basedC.foundD.dependingA.disappearB.vanishC.restrictedD.flourishA.relatesB.connectsC.damageD.concernA.thusB.thereforeC.otherwiseD.soA.whateverB.goC.healthy
8、D.nutritiousA.completelyB.partiallyC.continuouslyD.comfortableA.factB.aspectC.viewpointD.fashionA.whereB.althoughC.whenD.somehowA.foodB.medicineC.healthD.peopleA.enforcedB.requestedC.pressuredD.rushedA.disgustingB.acceptedC.organizedD.movedA.dozensB.dealC.quantityD.multitudeA.beyondB.forC.withinD.by
9、A.providedB.givenC.singleD.possibleA.seldomB.rarelyC.usuallyD.suspiciouslyA.themselvesB.himselfC.someoneD.oneselfA.shorteningB.lengtheningC.leasingD.livingA.ThusB.HoweverC.UnlessD.ThoughA.rewardB.rumC.reflectD.revenge二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part AD
10、irections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted(不歪曲的), objectively selected facts. But in the days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, t
11、he meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalismto make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that the there is no longer any such thing as “local“ news, bemuse any event
12、 in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very Way of life. There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense. The o
13、pponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts“. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough? As to the first query, consider how a so-called “factual“ story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fi
14、fty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. (This is an important decision bemuse man
15、y readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgments Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has larger impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little, Judgment Number Three. Thus, in the presentation of a so-c
16、alled “factual“ or “objective“ story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism“ arrive at a conclusion as
17、 to the significance of the news. The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processesas objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless th
18、e ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels). If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up(支持) his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play when he g
19、ives a story promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.（分数：10.00）(1).The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_.（分数：2.00）A.Interpreting the NewsB.Everything CountsC.Subjective Versus Objective ProcessesD.Choosing Facts(2).Why does the writer of an article select ten out
20、 of 50 available facts?（分数：2.00）A.His editor is prejudiced.B.The subject is not important.C.Space is limited.D.Readers would prefer short stones.(3).Why should the lead sentence present the most important fact?（分数：2.00）A.It will influence the reader to continue.B.It will be the best way to write.C.S
21、ome readers do not read beyond the first paragraph.D.It will gratify the editor.(4).What is the LEAST effective way of “slanting“ news?（分数：2.00）A.Interpretation.B.Selection.C.Placement.D.Concentration.(5).What is the author“s attitude toward the interpretation of news?（分数：2.00）A.Approving.B.Concerne
22、d.C.Critical,D.Indifferent.Much of the American anxiety about old age is a flight from the reality of death. One of the striking qualities of the American character is the unwillingness to face either the fact or meaning of death. In the more somber tradition of American literature-from Hawthorne an
23、d Melville and Poe to Faulkner and Hemingwayone finds a tragic depth that belies the surface thinness of the ordinary American death attitudes. By an effort of the imagination, the great writers faced problems that the culture in action is reluctant to facethe fact of death, its mystery, and its pla
24、ce in. the back-and-forth shuttling of the eternal recurrence. The unblinking confrontation of death in Greek time, the elaborate theological patterns woven around it in the Middle Ages, the ritual celebration of it in the rich, peasant cultures of Latin and Slavic Europe and in primitive cultures;
25、these are difficult to find in American life. Whether through fear of the emotional depths, or because of a drying up of the sluices of religious intensity, the American avoids dwelling on death or even corning to terms with it; he finds it morbid and recoils from it, surrounding it with word avoida
26、nce (Americans never die; they “pass away“), and various taboos of speech and practice. A “funeral parlor“ is decorated to look like a bank; everything in a funeral ceremony is done in hushed tones, as if it were something furtive, to be concealed from the world; there is so much emphasis on being d
27、ignified that the ceremony often loses its quality of dignity. In some of the primitive cultures, there is difficulty in understanding the muses of death; it seems puzzling and even unintelligible. Living in a scientific culture, Americans have a ready enough explanation of how it comes, yet they sh
28、ow little capacity to come to terms with the fact of death itself and with the grief that accompanies it. “We jubilate over birth and dance at weddings“, writes Margaret Mead, “but more and more hustle the death off the scene without ceremony, without an opportunity for young and old to realize that
29、 death is as much a fact of life as is birth“. And one may add, even in its hurry and brevity, the last stage of an American“s lifethe last occasion of this relation to his societyis as standardized as the rest.（分数：10.00）(1).Unwillingness to face death is_.（分数：2.00）A.a characteristic of American soc
30、ietyB.a quality found in all civilizationsC.a quality inherited from our Latin ancestorsD.a striking quality of the American character(2).In the novels of Hawthorne and Melville, one will find_.（分数：2.00）A.ordinary American death attitudesB.a willingness to accept death as a fact of lifeC.a superfici
31、al attitude toward deathD.the foundation of modern American beliefs about death(3).According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.In Greek times, people were afraid of facing death.B.In the Middle Ages, death was surrounded by the elaborate theological patterns.C.In primitiv
32、e cultures, death was celebrated ritually.D.In American life, people hardly mention death.(4).In the author“s opinion, American refuse to dwell on the idea of death_（分数：2.00）A.out of fear of the emotional depthsB.because they no longer are intensely religionsC.because they are materialistsD.either A
33、 or B(5).Margaret Mead suggests that_.（分数：2.00）A.we should not rejoice at a birthB.we should cry at a birth and rejoice at a funeralC.a wedding should be solemn affairD.death should be accepted in the same spirit as marriage and birthIn recent years American society has become increasingly dependent
34、 on its universities to find solutions to its major problems. It is the universities that have been charged with the principal responsibility for developing the expertise to place men on the moon; for dealing with our urban problems and with our deteriorating environment; for developing the means to
35、 feed the world“s rapidly increasing population. The effort involved in meeting these demands presents its own problems. In addition, this concentration on the creation of new knowledge significantly impinges on the universities“ efforts to perform their other principal functions, the transmission a
36、nd interpretation of knowledge the imparting of the heritage of the past and the preparing of the next generation to carry it forward. With regard to this, perhaps their most traditionally sanctioned task, colleges and universities today find themselves in a serious hind generally. On the one hand,
37、there is the American commitment, entered into especially since WWII, to provide higher education for all young people who can profit from it. The result of the commitment has been a dramatic rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical shift from the private to the public sector
38、of higher education. On the other hand, there are serious and continuing limitations on the resources available for higher education. While higher education has become a great “growth industry“, it is also simultaneously a tremendous drain on the resources of nation. With the vast increase in enroll
39、ment and the shift in priorities away from education in state and federal budgets, there is in most of our public institutions a significant decrease in per capita outlay for their students, one crucial aspect of this drain on resources lies in the persistent shortage of trained faculty, which has l
40、ed, in rum, to a declining standard of competence in instruction. Intensifying these difficulties is, as indicated above, the concern with research, with its competing claims on resources and the attention of the faculty. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the institutions; organization and
41、 functioning to conform to the demands of research rather than those of teaching.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage,is the most important function of institutions of higher education.（分数：2.00）A.creating new knowledgeB.providing solutions to social problemsC.making experts on sophisticated indust
42、ries out of their studentsD.preparing their students to transmit inherited knowledge(2).According to the passage, one of the causes for the difficulties of American higher education is that_.（分数：2.00）A.the government has stopped giving public institutions as much financial support as it used toB.Ame
43、rican had always been encouraging young people to go to collegeC.many public institutions have replaced private onesD.the government only finances such researches as that or placing man on the moon(3).The phrase “impinge on“ in Paragraph 1 most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.promoteB.rely onC.have an im
44、pact onD.block(4).A serious outcome brought out by the shortage of resources is that_.（分数：2.00）A.many public institutions have to cut down enrollment of studentsB.teachers are not qualified enough for satisfactory performance in classesC.some institutions have to reduce the expenses on researchD.the
45、re is competition for resources and attention of faculty between public and private institution(5).Which of the following statements is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.American society has failed to provide these institutions with adequate resources to meet their needs.B.Though in difficulty, these institutions
46、 are determined to fulfill both research and teaching functions.C.American society has relied too much on their institutions of higher education to allow them for easy adjustment to all their functions.D.More resources and efforts of faculty are needed for research work than teaching work.The energy
47、 crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earth“s resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The over-development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has
48、contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the broke up of the family, and the pollution not only of local air but also of the earth“s atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis. Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long-range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serio
