1、考研英语-试卷 240 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_The person who can see a ship without some feeling of excitement must have very littl
2、e imagination. Even the idea of leaving the solid land (1)_ most of us were born and brought (2)_ and going out on to the ever-moving waters must rouse (3)_ some feelings of strangeness. We may remember stories of terrible storms, with waves (4)_ mountains, and of people from ships which have sunk (
3、5)_ weeks in small boats hundreds of miles from land. But we have also (6)_ joy of traveling on calm seas under blue (7)_ and of the (8)_ excitement of coming to a new beautiful land which we have seen only in pictures before. (9)_ ships are not, of course, made chiefly for pleasure: their biggest u
4、se is in carrying goods from country to country. (10)_ ships can carry more goods than (11)_ means of transport, and can (12)_ so more cheaply. If ships (13)_ the British government would not be able to feed (14)_ people. Ships have also made (15)_ to discover more and more distant parts of our worl
5、d. (16)_ is known to all, Columbus used a ship to discover America about 450“years ago. And (17)_ ships are used for exploring the Antarctic. (18)_ would, in fact, not be (19)_ to say that ships have for thousands of years (20)_ one of the most important parts in shaping society.（分数：40.00）A.by which
6、B.from whichC.on whichD.whichA.upB.forthC.outD.aboutA.us allB.all of usC.in us allD.for us allA.high usB.as higher asC.higher asD.as high asA.spendingB.to spendC.spendD.spentA.heard ofB.heard withC.heardD.heard fromA.watersB.coversC.skiesD.levelsA.unremarkableB.uncountableC.uncomfortableD.unforgetta
7、bleA.MoreoverB.InsteadC.ThusD.ButA.In factB.As a resultC.Above allD.By the wayA.the otherB.anotherC.any otherD.anyA.carryB.makeC.takeD.doA.do not existB.did not existC.haven“t existedD.had not existedA.itsB.theirC.everyD.thoseA.possibleB.it possibleC.impossibleD.us possibleA.WhichB.ItC.ThisD.AsA.not
8、 long agoB.in the futureC.even nowD.before longA.WeB.ItC.ThisD.YouA.too muchB.safeC.possibleD.ableA.madeB.doneC.playedD.taken二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A
9、, B, C or D._Acid rain, which is a form of“ air pollution, currently becomes a subject of great debate because of widespread environmental damage for which it has been blamed. It forms when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen combine with atmospheric moisture to yield sulfuric and nitric acids, which may
10、then be carried long distances from their source before they drop in the form of rain. The pollution may also take the form of snow or fog or fall down in dry forms. In fact, although the term “acid rain“ has been in use for more than a centuryit is derived from atmospheric studies that were made in
11、 the region of Manchester, Englandthe more accurate scientific term would be“ acid deposition. The dry form of such deposition is just as damaging to the environment as the liquid form. The problem of acid rain originated with the Industrial Revolution, and it has been growing ever since. The severi
12、ty of its effects has long been recognized in local settings, as exemplified by the spells of acid smog in heavily industrialized areas. The widespread destructiveness of acid rain, however, has become evident only in recent decades. One large area that has been studied extensively is northern Europ
13、e, where acid rain has eroded structures, injured crops and forests, and threatened life in freshwater lakes. In 1984, for example, environmental reports indicated that almost half of the trees in Germany“s Black Forest had been damaged by acid rain. The northeastern United States and eastern Canada
14、 have also been particularly affected by this form of pollution; damage has also been detected in other areas of these countries and other regions of the world. Industrial emissions have been blamed as the major cause of acid rain. Because the chemical reactions involved in the production of acid ra
15、in in the atmosphere are complex and as yet little understood, industries have tended to challenge such assessments and to stress the need for further studies; and because of the cost of pollution reduction, governments have tended to support this attitude. Studies released by the US government in t
16、he early 1980s, however, strongly indicated industries as the main source of acid rain, in the eastern US and Canada.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first sentence of the passage, we learn that_（分数：2.00）A.acid rain has caused air pollutionB.acid rain has caused widespread environmental damageC.acid, rain has
17、 become a much studied subjectD.acid rain travels in all directions before it rains down(2).Acid fog_（分数：2.00）A.falls down when the atmosphere is moistB.is not as frequent as acid rainC.often falls in the region of Manchester, EnglandD.is as damaging as acid rain(3).The second paragraph is mainly ab
18、out_（分数：2.00）A.the origin of acid rainB.the cause of acid rainC.the formation.of acid rainD.the widespread damage of acid rain(4).Why is acid rain little understood?_（分数：2.00）A.Because it is a new phenomenonB.Because it is not frequent enoughC.Because its formation is complexD.Because it is difficul
19、t to study it(5).Governments_（分数：2.00）A.deny that industries causes acid rainB.admit that they are only partly responsibleC.claim that they are the main sources of pollutionD.think that the cause of acid rain needs further studyOne of the odd things about some business organizations is that they spe
20、nd so much money to lure new customers and spend so little to keep them after they“ve been landed. It just doesn“t make sense. Taking customers for granted is routine in some larger organizations, where mere bigness generates an attitude of indifference. Loyal customers are an organization“s only pr
21、otection against bankruptcy, and losing them because of neglect or indifference is downright sinful. Not only do satisfied customers continue to fatten the till, they often encourage others to buy. This is advertising that doesn“t cost a penny. And although there are always problems in giving good s
22、ervice to customers, maintaining their patronage(光顾) isn“t all that difficult. It“s a matter of attitude, of believing that everyone who buys from you is entitled to the best treatment you can deliver. Plus giving just a little more than you have to. We said there are always problems in giving good
23、service to customers. The reason, of course, is that no organization is perfect, and there“s many a slip: unreasonable delays in filling orders, shipping the wrong merchandise, failing to answer letters promptly, and so on. Sometimes these errors or failures can“t be helped. For example, if you can“
24、t get parts because of material shortages or a transportation strike, customers may be denied the goods they“ve ordered. And not infrequently the customer is to blamefor example, failing to clearly identify the article or service required. Yet no matter who is at fault, customers whom you value high
25、ly should generally be given the benefit of the doubt. Note that we said “customers whom you value highly.“ The old saying(格言) goes that all customers should be treated alike is a myth. Customers who repeatedly place large orders and pay for them will naturally, get more attention than those who buy
26、 infrequently and have to be badgered to pay what they owe. However, you have to make the assumption that all customers are good unless proved otherwise.（分数：10.00）(1).The main idea of the passage is best expressed by which of the following? _（分数：2.00）A.Business organizations should not spend so much
27、 money to attract new customersB.Maintaining customers“ patronage is the most important to business organizations“C.Customers are kingsD.Organizations should pay more attention to the benefit of their customers(2).Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the second paragraph? _（分数：2.00）A
28、.Customers should always be well servicedB.Without loyal customers an organization might go bankruptC.Companies can employ custofners to advertise their productsD.It is difficult for large organizations to provide their customers with good service(3).The author might probably disagree with which of
29、the following statements?_（分数：2.00）A.Some errors and failures are unavoidableB.Both an organization and their customer are responsible for certain errorC.An attitude of indifference towards their customers might result in a heavy loss of profitD.Only regular customers deserve good treatment(4).What
30、does the author imply in the sentence “The old saw that all customers should be treated alike is a myth“?_（分数：2.00）A.It“s not real that customers should be treated equalB.It“s not true that all customers are treated equalC.Customers received equal treatment in the pastD.It“s an old story that custom
31、ers were treated equal(5).The word “identify“ in the fourth paragraph is the same as _（分数：2.00）A.noticeB.distinguishC.describeD.recognizeHealth in general terms includes many non-medical areas, such as housing and employment. As far as individual is concerned, welfare benefits come in two main categ
32、oriesfiat rate and supplementary. Flat rate benefits are those a person has an automatic right to (provided he or she has made a certain number of contributions to the Department of Health and Social Security). Unemployment benefit is one of these. Supplementary benefits are based on a means test. I
33、n other words, they are benefits given, regardless of contributions made, where the government decides that an individual has insufficient resources for a minimum standard of living. These benefits can be in the form of allowances for rent and rates, special diet, heating and clothing. Such benefits
34、 have to be claimed and the individual has to give full details of all his or her capital assets and sources of income. Unclaimed benefits amount to approximately $100 million each year. The originators of the Welfare State idea were concerned to alleviate or remove what they saw as the evils of the
35、ir time. Their efforts resulted in a great improvement in the standard of living and life expectancy in Britain. This progress in itself has simulated the increasing cost of maintaining the Welfare State. Over 45 percent of the health authority expenditure on hospitals and community services is spen
36、t on care of the elderly. Yet there are indications that beverage calculated that less would need to be spent on people once they retired. Advances in medical knowledge have involved the use of expensive drugs and hospital procedures. Drug and alcohol abuse make increasing demands on the medical ser
37、vices. The present government is planning a new approach to the social security system, which accounts for nearly one-third of public expenditure. Changes in the movement“s pension scheme to encourage private schemes will start from April this year. Different ways of assessing need are planned. To e
38、nable closer monitoring and control, the DHSS has begun the biggest computerization program in Europe. Suggestions have been made by opposition politicians that the present movement intends to say “farewell“ to the Welfare State. Although all the major parties in Britain say they are committed“ to a
39、 caring society. There“s a considerable difference in the means each would wish to use to achieve it. As the old saying goes, “Only time will tell“.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT true?_（分数：2.00）A.Flat rate benefits are based on the contributions one has madeB.One automatically has thee
40、right to fiat rate benefits regardless of contributions madeC.If one is out of work, he can get the fiat rate benefitsD.If the government decides one is below the minimum standard of living, supplementary benefits are provided.(2).Which benefits have to be demanded?_（分数：2.00）A.UnemploymentB.Flat rat
41、eC.SupplementaryD.None of the above(3).To get flat rate benefits one needs_（分数：2.00）A.to claimB.details of his capital assets and source of incomeC.certain number of contributionD.nothing(4).Owing to the efforts of the originators of the Welfare State_（分数：2.00）A.the living standard had been greatly
42、improvedB.the cost of living has been improvedC.people can live a longer lifeD.Both A and C(5).The new approach to the social security system will spend_（分数：2.00）A.over 45% of the health authority expenditureB.less on care of the elderlyC.almost 30% of the public expenditureD.one-third of the public
43、 expenditureLet us ask what were the preparation and training Abraham Lincoln had for oratory whether political or forensic. Born in rude and abject poverty, he never had any education, except what he gave himself, till he was approaching manhood. Not even books wherewith to inform and train his min
44、d were within his reach. No school, no university, no legal faculty had any part in training his powers. When he became a lawyer and a politician, the years most favorable to continuous study had already passed, and the opportunities he found for reading were very scanty. He knew but few authors in
45、general literature, though he knew those few thoroughly. He taught himself a little mathematics, but he could read no language save his own, and had only the faintest acquaintance with European history or with any branch of philosophy. The want of regular education was not made up for by the persons
46、 among whom his lot was cast. Until he was a grown man, he never moved in any society from which he could learn those things with which the mind of an orator was to be stored. Even after he had gained some legal practice, there was for many years no one for him to mix with except the petty practitio
47、ners of a petty town, men nearly all of whom knew little more than he did himself. Schools gave him nothing, and society gave him nothing. But he had a powerful intellect and a resolute will. Isolation fostered not only self-reliance but the habit of reflection, and, indeed, of prolonged and intense
48、, reflection. He made all that he knew a part of himself. His convictions were his ownclear and coherent. He was not positive or opinionated and he did not deny that at certain moments he pondered and hesitated long before he decided“ on his course. But though he could keep a policy in suspense, waiting for events to guide him, he did not waver. He paused and reconsidered, but it was never his way to go back on a decision once more or to waste time in vain regrets so
