1、考研英语-试卷 222 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are (1)_
2、 and serf-conscious; that is, they are (2)_ concerned with their own appearance and actions. (3)_ thoughts are (4)_ occurring in their minds: What kind of impression am I making? It is obvious that such (5)_ feelings must affect people adversely. A person“s self-concept is (6)_ in the way he or she
3、behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people“s reactions. (7)_, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives. Shy people, having low (8)_, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance (9)_ they are doing “the
4、 fight thing“. Shy people are very (10)_ to criticism; they feel it (11)_ their inferiority. A shy person may (12)_ to a compliment with a statement like this one: “You“re just saying that to make me feel good.“ It is clear that, (13)_ self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful. Ca
5、n shyness be completely (14)_, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes (15)_ with lack of serf-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weakness as well as their strengths. For example,
6、 most people would like to be “A“ students in every subject. It is not fair for them to (16)_ themselves inferior because they have difficulty (17)_ some areas. People“s expectations of themselves must be (18)_ Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. The better we understand ourselves, th
7、e easier it becomes to (19)_ our full potential. Let“s not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and (20)_ life.（分数：40.00）A.dangerousB.awkwardC.guiltyD.anxiousA.moderatelyB.sufficientlyC.excessivelyD.exclusivelyA.WorrisomeB.ExcitingC.FearfulD.TerribleA.occasionallyB.constantlyC.subsequentlyD
8、.consistentlyA.unfriendlyB.unbelievableC.unimaginableD.uncomfortableA.reflectedB.provedC.releasedD.imitatedA.In a senseB.In contrastC.In generalD.By the wayA.self-controlB.self-disciplineC.self-esteemD.self-consciousnessA.whichB.whatC.thatD.thoseA.sensibleB.sentimentalC.sensitiveD.responsiveA.confir
9、msB.suspectsC.sympathizesD.supportsA.remarkB.reactC.respondD.rejectA.asB.whileC.whenD.sinceA.disappearedB.eliminatedC.deletedD.depositedA.face to faceB.hand in handC.eye to eyeD.hand with handA.defineB.regardC.labelD.imagineA.inB.withinC.withD.atA.trueB.realisticC.realD.reliableA.live forB.live upon
10、C.live throughD.live up toA.fulfillingB.understandingC.achievingD.realizing二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Fossils are the remains and traces (s
11、uch as footprints or other marks) of ancient plant and animal life that are more than 10,000 years old. They range in size from microscopic structures to dinosaur skeletons and complete bodies of enormous animals. Skeletons of extinct species of humans are also considered fossils. An environment fav
12、orable to the growth and later preservation of organisms is required for the occurrence of fossils. Two conditions are almost always present: (1) The possession of hard parts, either internal or external, such as bones, teeth, skulls, shells, and wood; these parts remain after the rest of the organi
13、sm has decayed. Organisms that lack hard parts, such as worms and jellyfish, have left few geologic records. (2) Quick burial of the dead organism, so that protection is afforded against weathering, bacterial action, etc. Nature provides many situations in which the remains of animals and plants are
14、 protected against destruction. Of these, marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine life. The beds of former lakes are also productive sources of fossils. The rapidly accumulating sediments in the channels, fl
15、oodplains, and deltas of streams bury fresh-water organisms, along with land plants and animals that fall into the water. The beautifully preserved fossil fish from the Green River oil shale of Wyoming in the western United States lived in a vast shallow lake. The arctic ground in the far north acts
16、 as a remarkable preservative for animal fossils. The woolly mammoth, a long-haired mammal, and other mammals have been periodically exposed in the area of Siberia, the hair and red flesh still frozen in cold storage. Volcanoes often provide environments favorable to fossil preservation. Extensive f
17、alls of volcanic ash and coarser particles overwhelm and bury all forms of life, from flying insects to great trees. Caves have preserved the bones of many animals that died in them and were subsequently buried under a blanket of clay or a cover of dripstone. Predatory animals and early humans alike
18、 sought shelter in caves and brought food to them to be eaten, leaving bones that have been discovered.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true of the environments in which fossils are found?（分数：2.00）A.Very different environments can favor fossilization.B.There are few environments in which foss
19、ils are protected.C.Environments that favor fossilization have similar climates.D.Environments that favor fossilization support large populations of animals.(2).Which of the following is LEAST likely to be found as a fossil, assuming that all are buried rapidly?（分数：2.00）A.A worm.B.A shark.C.An eleph
20、ant.D.A human ancestor.(3).The fossil fish from the Green River(Paragraph 3) were probably preserved because they were（分数：2.00）A.in a deep lake.B.covered by sediment.C.protected by oil.D.buried slowly.(4).We can infer from the example of the woolly mammoth that（分数：2.00）A.it used to live in the arcti
21、c area only.B.it lived in Siberia long ago.C.it is extinct today.D.it is a long-haired mammal.(5).In which of the following does the author present the passage?（分数：2.00）A.An argument against a popular concept.B.An explanation of a specific topic.C.A description of a phenomenon.D.An account of someth
22、ing happening.Britain“s richest people have experienced the biggest-ever rise in their wealth, according to the Sunday Times Rich List. Driven by the new economy of Internet and computer entrepreneurs, the wealth of those at the top of the financial tree has increased at an unprecedented rate. The 1
23、2th annual Rich List will show that the collective worth of the country“s richest 1,000 people reached nearly 146 billion by January, the cut-off point for the survey. They represented an increase of 31 billion, or 27%, in just 12 months. Since the survey was compiled, Britain“s richest have added b
24、illions more to their wealth, thanks to the continuing boom in technology shares on the stock market. This has pushed up the total value of the wealth of the richest 1,000 to a probable 160 billion according to Dr. Philip Beresford, Britain“s acknowledged expert on personal wealth who compiles the S
25、unday Times Rich List. The millennium boom exceeds anything in Britain“s economic history, including the railway boom of the 1840s and the South Sea bubble of 1720. “It has made Margaret Thatcher“s boom seem as sluggish as Edward Heath“s three-day week,“ said Beresford. “We are seeing billions being
26、 added to the national wealth every week.“ William Rubinstein, professor of modem history at the University of Wales, Abe Ystwyth, confirmed that the growth in wealth was unprecedented. “Almost all of today“s wealth has been created since the industrial revolution, but even by those heady standards
27、the current boom is extraordinary,“ he said. “There is no large-scale cultural opposition or guilt about making money. In many ways British business attitudes can now challenge the United States.“ Although the Britain“s richest are experiencing the sharpest surge in wealth, the rest of the populatio
28、n has also benefited from the stock market boom and rising house prices. Last year wealth rose by 16% to a record 4,267 billion, according to calculation by the investment bank Salomon Smith Barney. In real terms, wealth has increased by more than a third since the late 1980s. Much of the wealth of
29、the richest is held in shares in start-up companies. Some of these paper fortunes, analysts agree, could easily be wiped out, although the wealth-generating effects of the interest revolution seem to be here to stay. A Sunday Times Young Rich List confirms that people are becoming wealthier younger.
30、 It includes the 60 richest millionaires aged 30 or under. At the top, on 600m, is the “old money“ Earl of Iveagh, 30, head of the Guinness brewing family. In second place is Charles Nasser, also 30, who launched the Clara-NET Internet provider four years ago and is worth 300m. The remaining eight i
31、n the top 10 young millionaires made their money from computing and the Internet.（分数：10.00）(1).The “cut-off point for the survey“ (Paragraph 1) refers to（分数：2.00）A.Januarythe deadline for the survey.B.31 millionthe increase of wealth in just 12 months.C.160 millionthe total value of the wealth of th
32、e richest 1000.D.146 billionthe collective worth of the country“s richest 1000 people.(2).How have the business attitudes changed in Britain?（分数：2.00）A.People do not feel guilty about making money.B.Doing business in Britain is even more challenging than in America.C.Today“s economic boom cannot sur
33、pass Margaret Thatcher“s boom.D.Three-day week showed British people were more sluggish than they are today.(3).The millennium economic boom in Britain（分数：2.00）A.benefits the richest alone.B.is primarily due to the Internet revolution.C.makes the life of the rest of the population even worse off.D.h
34、as added to the Britain“s wealth by 16% since the late 1980s.(4).The author calls the wealth of the richest “paper fortunes“ because（分数：2.00）A.their wealth can be easily lost.B.their wealth is greatly influenced by start-up companies.C.their wealth is mainly generated from technology shares.D.their
35、wealth is quickly devaluated with the up-and-down of house prices.(5).A new tendency emerged in the current boom is that（分数：2.00）A.more and more people start hi-tech business to amass fortune.B.most of the richest make their fortune by inheritance.C.all the richest millionaires are aged 30 or above.
36、D.people are becoming rich at younger age.In the angry debate over how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences, one little fact gets overlooked: no one has identified any genes (other than those in the case of retardation) that affect in
37、telligence. So researchers led by Robert Plomin of London“s Institute of Psychiatry decided to look for some. Plomin“s colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each. They are all White living in six counties around Cleveland. In one group, the average IQ is 136.In the other group, the av
38、erage IQ is 103.Isolating the blood cells, the researchers then examined each child“s chromosome 6 (One of 23 human chromosomes along which genes made of DNA). Of the 37 landmarks on chromo-some 6 that the researchers looked for, one jumped out: a form of gene called IGF2R occurred in twice as many
39、children in high-IQ group as in the average group32 percent versus 16 percent. The survey concludes that it is this form of the IGF2R gene, called allele 5, that contributes to intelligence. Plomin cautions that “this is not a genius gene. h is one of many.“ (About half the differences in intelligen
40、ce between one person and another are thought to reflect different genes, and half reflect different life experiences.) The gene accounts for no more than four extra IQ points. And it is neither necessary nor sufficient for high IQ: 23 percent of the average-IQ kids did have it, but 54 percent of ge
41、nius kids did not. The smart gene is known by the interesting name “insulinlike growth factor 2 receptor“ (IGF2R to its fun). It lets hormones like one similar to insulin dock with cells. Although a gene involved with insulin is not the most obvious candidate for an IQ gene, new evidence suggests it
42、 might indeed play the role. Sometimes when a hormone docks with the cell, it makes the cell grow; sometimes it makes the cell commit suicide. Both responses could organize the development of the brain. Scientists at the National Institutes of Health find that insulin can stimulate nerves to grow. A
43、nd in rat brains, regions involved in learning and memory are chock full of insulin receptors. Even though this supports the idea that IGF2R can affect the brain and hence intelligence, some geneticists see major problem with the IQ-gene study. One is the possibility that Plomin“s group fell for wha
44、t“s called the chopsticks fallacy. Geneticists might think they“ve found a gene for chopsticks skill, but all they“ve really found is a gene more common in Asian than, say, Africans. Similarly, Plomin“s IQ gene might simply be one that is more common in groups that emphasize academic achievement. “W
45、hat if the gene they“ve found reflects ethnic differences?“ asks geneticist Andrew Feinberg of Johns Hopkins University. “I would take these findings with a whole box of salt.“（分数：10.00）(1).As for how much of IQ comes from genes and how much comes from experiences.（分数：2.00）A.scientists have reached
46、an agreement.B.scientists“ opinions vary.C.no genes have ever been identified.D.scientists have found many smart genes.(2).Robert Plomin did the survey involving two groups of students in order to（分数：2.00）A.find out the differences of intelligence between the students.B.make sure how many chromonsom
47、es a healthy person have.C.detect any genes which influence human beings“ intelligence.D.find out the IQ differences between children and adults.(3).It is found that insulin（分数：2.00）A.is IQ gene.B.encourages nerves to grow.C.has nothing to do with IQ gene.D.is decisive to the development of intellig
48、ence.(4).Some geneticists don“t accept the IGF2R gene-study because（分数：2.00）A.the subjects are not selected according to certain standards.B.the subjects are totally different people.C.the findings have not been copied by other researchers.D.the subjects are from groups emphasizing one particular aspect.(5).The phrase “with a whole box of salt“(Last paragraph) means（分数：2.00）A.questioningly.B.willingly.C.publicly.D.undoubtedly.The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 166
