1、考研英语-试卷 206及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_In 1971 a team of experts prepared a report entitled “The Limits of Growth,“ based (1)
2、_ a computer analysis of future economic trends. (2)_, presented in moderate language, the conclusions reached. (3)_,this inquiry are shocking (4)_, that world production growth is very great and persists unchecked, the experts demonstrate that only one outcome is possiblea rather sudden, uncontroll
3、able decline in population and industrial capacity (5)_ before the year 2100. For this disaster two main factors will be responsible: first, the acute shortage of farming land, which will lead (6)_ mass starvation, and (7)_ the absolute increase in industrial production, (8)_ will cancel any attempt
4、 to (9)_ pollution and will (10)_ exhaust natural resources. These consequences will follow (11)_ technology temporarily succeeds (12)_ multiplying available resources; the sooner they are exploited, (13)_ they will be used up. There appears to be no alternative to the solution advocated by the auth
5、ors of the report, (14)_ the immediate adoption (15)_ measures to restrict global investment in newplants and machinery to the rate (16)_ which physical capital now wears out. Unfortunately, (17)_ most party leaders are either blind to the urgency of these issues (18)_ are compelled to ignore them (
6、19)_ the selfish interests of citizens on whose votes they depend (20)_ political support.（分数：40.00）A.atB.byC.onD.inA.SoB.ThereforeC.HoweverD.ThoughA.byB.atC.toD.onA.AssumingB.In caseC.Apart fromD.In additionA.sometimeB.sometimesC.some timeD.some timesA.inB.toC.byD.wayA.onB.secondC.lastlyD.in additi
7、onA.thatB.whichC.oneD.expertsA.reduceB.increaseC.compareD.matchA.necessarilyB.eventuallyC.timelyD.doubtfullyA.howeverB.furthermoreC.even ifD.becauseA.byB.inC.onD.atA.the lessB.the slowerC.the soonerD.the fewerA.namelyB.consequentlyC.moreoverD.as a resultA.toB.ofC.byD.withA.atB.toC.byD.inA.howeverB.t
8、houghC.providingD.even ifA.andB.orC.neitherD.butA.because ofB.apart fromC.in addition toD.in spite ofA.onB.byC.inD.for二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C
9、or D._One of the major problems of nuclear energy is the inability of scientists to discover a safe way to dispose of the radioactive wastes which occur throughout the nuclear process. Many of these wastes remain dangerously active for tens of thousands of years, while others have a life span closer
10、 to a quarter of a million years. Various methods have been used to date, but all have revealed weaknesses, forcing scientists to continue their search. The nuclear process involves several stages, with the danger of radioactivity constantly present. Fuel for nuclear reactors comes from uranium ore,
11、 which, when mined, spontaneously produces radioactive substances as byproducts. This characteristic of uranium ore went undetected for a long time resulting in the death, due to cancer, of hundreds of uranium miners. The United States attempted to bury much of its radioactive waste material in cont
12、ainers made of steel covered in concrete and capable of holding a million gallons. For a long time it was believed that the nuclear waste problem had been solved, until some of these tanks leaked, allowing the radioactive wastes to seep into the environment. Canada presently stores its nuclear waste
13、 in underwater tanks, with the long-term effects largely unknown. However, plans are under consideration for above-ground storage of spent fuel from reactors. These plans include the building of three vast concrete containers, which would be two stories high and approximately the length and width of
14、 two football fields. Other suggestions include enclosing the waste in glass blocks and storing them in underground caverns, or placing hot containers in the Antarctic region, where they would melt the ice, thereby sinking down adverse effect on the ice sheets.（分数：10.00）(1).It is implied in the pass
15、age that the primary difficulty in seeking a safe way to dispose of nuclear wastes is caused by_（分数：2.00）A.the nuclear process involving the danger of radioactivity at its every stageB.fuel for nuclear reactors producing dangerous wastesC.the weakness scientists have found in every previous methodsD
16、.the nature of nuclear wastes together with their lengthy life span(2).According to the passage, uranium ore is very dangerous because_（分数：2.00）A.it produces radioactive substances after it is dug outB.it has caused deaths of many minersC.the mining of it produces dangerous by-productsD.there is a p
17、roblem in mining techniques(3).According to the passage, scientists failed to_（分数：2.00）A.discover the characteristic of nuclear processB.discover the nature of uranium oreC.save the life of uranium minersD.store nuclear wastes in underwater tanks(4).Hot containers of nuclear wastes to be put in Anta
18、rctic region would_（分数：2.00）A.remain above ice sheetsB.be safe to environmentC.be highly probableD.remain under sea(5).The best title for the passage might be_（分数：2.00）A.Nuclear Energy and Public SafetyB.Uranium Ore and Its CharacteristicsC.Scientific Approach to Disposal of Nuclear WastesD.Nuclear
19、Process and Its WastesThe use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers“ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation. Heat pumps circul
20、ate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows throug
21、h a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body or air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becomin
22、g chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a d
23、ifferent body of air: room air and outside air, respectively. The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumpseither to heat or cool room air. Now
24、, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the differe
25、nce in the energy equation. Unfortunately, there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportio
26、nal to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigeran
27、t vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerantand thus the thermal energy it carriesis less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression. Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climateswhere
28、the most heat is neededheat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.（分数：10.00）(1).The primary purpose, of the passage is to_（分数：2.00）A.explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changesB.contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumpsC.describe hea
29、t pumps, their use, and factors affecting their useD.advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps(2).It can be inferred from the passage that, in the course of a heating season, the heatingcapacity of h heat pump is greatest when_（分数：2.00）A.heating is least essentialB.electricity rates are lowestC
30、.its compressor runs the fastestD.outdoor temperatures hold steady(3).If the author“s assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?_（分数：2.00）A.Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are tr
31、ying to promote.B.Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.C.Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective client“s ability to believe.D.Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most ele
32、mentary scientific principles.(4).According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to_（分数：2.00）A.measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant-mass at that pointB.compress and heat the refrigerant vaporC.bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerantD.exchan
33、ge heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point(5).The author regards the notion that heat pumps have a genuine drawback as a（分数：2.00）A.cause for regretB.sign of premature defeatismC.welcome challengeD.focus for an educational campaignIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterp
34、rises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human- relations“ experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has be
35、come powerless, that he does not whole-heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only be
36、cause they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productiv
37、e human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a ma
38、tter of self- respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are again and again tested by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who
39、judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one“s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of
40、 production or to the nineteenth century tree enterprise capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are
41、 ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialitiesthose of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling wan.（分数：10.00）(1).By “a
42、well-oiled cog in the machinery“ the author intends to render the idea that man is_（分数：2.00）A.a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligibleB.working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society thoug
43、h functioning smoothlyD.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly(2).What is the real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees?_（分数：2.00）A.They are likely to lose their jobsB.They have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC.They are faced with the fundamental
44、 realities of human existenceD.They are deprived of their individuality and independence(3).From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those_（分数：2.00）A.who are at the bottom of the societyB.who are higher up in their social statusC.who prove better than their fellow competi
45、torsD.who could keep far away from this competitive world(4).To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should_（分数：2.00）A.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fu
46、ndamental realities for granted.(5).What is one of the authors attitude towards industrialism?_（分数：2.00）A.ApprovalB.DissatisfactionC.SuspicionD.ToleranceAmerica is the land of the automobile. This country has only 6 percent of the world“s population but 46 percent of the world“s cars. Right now, the
47、re are 97 million privately owned cars consuming 75 billion gallons of gasoline and traveling an estimated 1,000 billion miles, a year. The figures also affirm something we know every time we refill our gasoline tank. The automobile is a very thirsty piece of technology. Of the total petroleum suppl
48、y in the United States, 30 percent goes to quench that thirst. Every year for each passenger car, about 800 gallons of gasoline are consumed. Other aspects of our commitment to the automobile also bear mentioning here, it takes a great deal of energy to manufacture one automobileabout 150 million BTUs of energy. This is equivalent to 1,200 gallons of gasoline, enough to run a car for about 16,000 miles. We expend energy in the process of shipping cars from factories
