1、考研英语-试卷 203及答案解析(总分：152.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_An expression used by Americans for about 100 years is“to pass the buck“. It means ref
2、using to take responsibility, letting others decide and act for【C1】_. President Gerald Ford dramatized the phrase after【C2】_Richard Nixon“s place in the White House. Ford announced in a special television broadcast that he had decided to【C3】_Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as President. F
3、ord said such a decision had to be【C4】_by him alone, that he could not let others do it for him. “The buck stops here, “said Ford. He remembered another【C5】_Harry S. Trumanwho made that expression【C6】_more than 25 years ago. Truman had a sign on his desk which said; “The buck stops here. “The messag
4、e was dear;【C7】_the President of the United States could not act and make the final decision on important national matters, who【C8】_could? A president who refused take the responsibility and “passed the buck“ to someone else would【C9】_find himself in serious trouble. Where did the expression come fr
5、om? It seems to have come from the【C10】_game of poker where the players, one after the other, mix and pass out the cards. The phrase seems to have come to【C11】_in the gambling houses of the West. There, a silver dollar was put in【C12】_of a player to show that he would be the next dealer to pass out
6、the cards. A dollar, silver or paper, was called a“buck“. It still is.【C13】_, nobody seems to know. Forceful leaders,【C14】_, make decisions, take risks and responsibility. The risks can be great. Every choice at times may lead to【C15】_. In a military leader it may be defeat and ruin, in business, fi
7、nancial failure, loss of a job. Therefore, it is easier to pass the【C16】_and let others take the risks. Nobody, however, likes a man who passes the buck. He is soon found out and【C17】_an unpleasant name-buck-passer. Nevertheless, buck-passers are found among us everywhere.【C18】_, the most famous buc
8、k-passer in history has been the devil. That is the picture we get of him from the ancient myths. The only time he seems to have acted for himself【C19】_when he rebelled and tried to seize God“s throne. But God threw him out. Since then, he has spent most of his energy in【C20】_the buck, letting other
9、s do his work for him.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.youB.someoneC.usD.none(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.replacingB.seizingC.takingD.substituting(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.chargeB.ignoreC.suspectD.pardon(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.obeyedB.madeC.introducedD.decided(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.PresidentB.AmericanC.politicianD.person(6).【C6】
10、（分数：2.00）A.known asB.world-shakingC.reasonableD.famous(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.ifB.now thatC.becauseD.while(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.indeedB.justC.elseD.as yet(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.laterB.soonC.naturallyD.somehow(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.chessB.cardC.pupilsD.paper(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.operationB.serviceC.lifeD.effect(12)
11、.【C12】（分数：2.00）A.frontB.honorC.placeD.charge(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.ThenB.WhyC.ThereforeD.Yet(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.possibleB.for instanceC.in shortD.of course(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.riskB.oppositionC.disasterD.solution(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.effortB.responsibilityC.surveyD.thread(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.experienc
12、esB.qualifiedC.distributedD.given(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.ButB.ActuallyC.PerhapsD.In time(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.wasB.isC.aboutD.lies in(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.presentingB.losingC.endingD.passing二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：12，分数：68.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following fo
13、ur texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._For the past 250 years, politicians and hard-headed men of business have diligently ignored what economics, has to say about the gains from trademuch as they may pretend, or in some cases even believe, that they are paying clos
14、e attention. Except for those on the hard left, politicians of every ideological stripe these days swear their allegiance to the basic principle of free trade. Businessmen say the same. So when either group issues its calls for barriers against foreign competition, it is never because free trade is
15、wrong in principle, it is because foreigners are cheating somehow, rendering the principles void. Or else it is because something about the way the world works has changed, so that the basic principles, ever valid in themselves, need to be adjusted. And those adjustments, of course, then oblige thes
16、e staunch defenders of free-trade-in-principle to call for all manners of restrictions on trade. In this way, protectionism is periodically refreshed and reinvented. Anti-trade sentiment, especially in the United States, is currently becoming one of its strongest revivals in years. Earlier bogus “ne
17、w conditions“ that were deemed to undermine the orthodox case for liberal trade included the growth of crossborder capital flows, the recognition that some industries exposed to foreign competition may have strategic significance for the wider economy, and concerns over exploitation of workers in de
18、veloping countries. Today“s bogus new condition, which is proving far more potent in political terms than any of the others, is the fact that international competition is now impinging on industries previously sheltered from it by the constraints of technology and geography. It is no longer just man
19、ufacturing that is feeling the pressure of toreign competition. It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs that are moving offshore. Jobs in services are now migrating as well, some of them requiring advanced skills, notably in computer programming. Services constitute much the larger part of every
20、 advanced economy. At the end of this process, what will be left? Gosh, Adam Smith never thought of this. Trade policy needs to be, completely rethought. Well, actually , no Gregory Mankiw, chairman of the President“s Council of Economic Advisers , pointed out recently that if services can be source
21、d more cheaply overseas than at home, it is to America“s advantage to seize that opportunity. This simple restatement of the logic of liberal trade brought derision down on Mr. Mankiw“s headand the supposedly pro-trade administration he works for conspicuously failed to defend the plain truth he had
22、 advanced. That was disturbing. The fact that foreign competition now impinges on services as well as manufacturing raises no new issues of principle whatever. If a car can be made more cheaply in Mexico, it should be. If a telephone enquiry can be processed more cheaply in India, it should be. All
23、such transactions raise real incomes on both sides, as resources are advantageously redeployed, with added investment and growth in the exporting country, and lower prices in the importing country. Yes, trade is a positive-sum game. (Adam Smith did think of that.)（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred fro
24、m the first paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.America has a fine history of showing respect to free tradeB.many businessmen and politicians will abandon free trade for their own benefitsC.the hard left politicians in America are real firm advocates of free trade principleD.businessmen and politicians in A
25、merica seldom agree with each other in terms of trade(2).What seems to be the cause of periodical refreshments of protectionism?（分数：2.00）A.The periodical nature of the economic cycle.B.The constant fluctuation of interest rate.C.The instability in foreign exchange rate.D.The inconsistency of busines
26、smen and politicians.(3).According to the text, which sector has NOT been threatened by free trade principles?（分数：2.00）A.The automobile industry.B.The low-skill jobs.C.The advanced-skill service.D.The high tech industry.(4).“That was disturbing“ in Paragraph 4 refers to the fact that _.（分数：2.00）A.th
27、e president“s economic advisers chairman could not find out the true value of free tradeB.Mankiw knows too little the present economic situation in America to offer wise adviceC.simple and logical truth is defeated by the ignorant business and political circleD.the administration Mankiw works for fa
28、iled to defend for him(5).The author“s attitude towards trade protectionism is obviously _.（分数：2.00）A.supportiveB.cynicalC.criticalD.enthusiasticWell, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder t
29、o establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat fas
30、ter than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has in creased by about 2% a year, which are more than twice the 1978-1987 averages. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at the point in a business cycle, and so is n
31、ot conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction“ between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. Some of this can be easily explained. New way
32、s of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizingare only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, Which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most
33、of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent year
34、s may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it wag well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose. Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “reengineering“ has been crude. In many
35、 cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. B.B.D.O.“s A1 Ros
36、en shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re engineering consultants as mere rubbish“the worst sort of ambulance cashing.“（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, the American economic situation is _.（分数：2.00）A.not as good as it seemsB.at its turning pointC.much better than it seemsD.near
37、 to complete recovery(2).The official statistics on productivity growth _.（分数：2.00）A.exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB.fall short of businessmen“s anticipationC.meet the expectation of business peopleD.fail to reflect the true state of economy(3).The author raises the question “what abo
38、ut pain without gain“ because _.（分数：2.00）A.he questions the truth of “no gain without pain“B.he does not think the productivity revolution worksC.he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD.he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses(4).Which of the following statements is NOT
39、 mentioned in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B.New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C.The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.D.The consultants are a bunch of good for nothing.(5).T
40、he 1978-1987 averages of productivity are less than _.（分数：2.00）A.1%B.2%C.1.5%D.4%Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Conv
41、inced of the importance of education, modern states “invest“ in institutions of learning to get back “interest“ in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by textbooksthos
42、e purchasable wells of wisdomwhat would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on “facts and figures“ and more on a g
43、ood memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of “college“ imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherite
44、d by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the “equal start“ which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to reach again. In primitive cultures the obligation
45、 to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding on all. There are no “illiterates“if the term can be applied to peoples without a scriptwhile our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1976, and is still non-existent in a numb
46、er of “civilized“ nations. This shows how long it was before we considered it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the “happy few“ during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equa
47、l start. There is none of the hurry that, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savages know of no “juvenile delinquency“. No necessity of making a living awa
48、y from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to “buy“ an education for his child.Notes:juvenile delinquency青少年犯罪（分数：10.00）(1).The word “interest“ in the first paragraph most probably means（分数：2.00）A.pleasure.B.returns.C.share.D.knowledge.(2).According to the text, the author seems to be（分数：2.00）A.against the education in the very early historic times.B.in favor of the educational practice in primitive cultures.C.positive about our present
