1、考研英语-试卷 202 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_By almost every measure, Paul Pfingst is an unsentimental prosecutor. Last week the S
2、an Diego County district attorney said he fully intends to try (1)_ Charles Andrew Williams, 15, as an adult (2)_ the Santana High School shootings. Even before the (3)_ Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that (4)_ treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults. So nobody w
3、ould have wagered that Pfingst would also be the first D.A.(district attorney) in the U.S. to (5)_ his very own Innocence Project. Yet last June, Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape (6)_ and see ff any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools. In other words, he want
4、ed to revisit past victoriesthis time playing for the other team. “I think people misunderstand being conservative (7)_ being biased“, says Pfingst. “I consider myself a pragmatic guy, and I have no interest in putting (8)_ people in jail“. Around the U.S., flabbergasted defense attorneys and their
5、jailed clients cheered his move. Among prosecutors, (9)_, there was an awkward pause. (10)_, each DNA test costs as much as $5,000. Then there“s the (11)_ risk: if dozens of innocents (12, the D.A. will have indicted his shop. (13)_ nine months later, no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ouste
6、d. Only the rare case merits review. Pfingst“s team considers convictions before 1993, when the city started (14)_ DNA testing. They discard cases if the defendant has been released. Of the 560 (15)_ files, they have re-examined 200, looking for cases with biological evidence and defendants who stil
7、l (16)_ innocence. They have identified three so far. The most compelling involves a man (17)_ 12 years for molesting a girl who was playing in his apartment. But others were there at the time. Police found a small drop of saliva on the (18)_ shirttoo small a (19)_ to test in 1991. Today that spot c
8、ould free a man. Test results are due any day. (20)_ by San Diego, 10 other counties in the U.S. are starting DNA audits.（分数：40.00）A.criminalB.suspectC.studentD.executiveA.forB.onC.withD.atA.incidentB.comedyC.accidentD.tragedyA.requiresB.recommendsC.mandatesD.enforcesA.launchB.rationalizeC.motivateD
9、.dedicateA.conclusionsB.convictionsC.accusationsD.justificationsA.forB.asC.withD.intoA.guiltyB.suspiciousC.innocentD.evilA.howeverB.thereforeC.furthermoreD.consequentlyA.In particularB.After allC.In factD.By ContrastA.potentialB.transparentC.intentionalD.considerateA.turn downB.turn upC.turn onD.tur
10、n offA.ButB.ThoughC.BecauseD.HoweverA.traditionalB.randomC.routineD.customaryA.availableB.accessibleC.recognizableD.remainingA.claimB.declareC.inquireD.proclaimA.observingB.servingC.sentencingD.inhabitingA.victim“sB.defendant“sC.client“sD.prosecutor“sA.exampleB.therapyC.sampleD.recipeA.SeducedB.Moti
11、vatedC.StimulatedD.Inspired二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._The history of the computer in the twentieth century is one of dramatic adaptation an
12、d expansion. The computer had modest beginnings in areas where it was used as a specialist tool. The first electronic computer was built in the 1930s and was solely for the use of undergraduate students in Iowa State University to handle mathematical computations in nuclear physics. In the 1960s an
13、early version of the Internet, ARPPANET was used in computer science and engineering projects. However, only 10 years later computers were starting to change our life style, the way we do business and many other things and by the late 1980s“ networks were expanding to embrace sections of the general
14、 public. Computerization has changed US high school education in many ways. Three different changes that consider being important. The first is the use of the computer as teaching aid for teachers. The next is the massive data storage and fast data retrieval facilitated by computer. Then comes the c
15、hanges brought about by the introduction of simulation software. How prevalent is the use of computers in schools! As recently as the early 1980s only 20% of secondary science teachers in the USA were using microcomputers. However, since then high schools in the US have computerized rapidly. By 1987
16、, schools had acquired about 1.5 million computers with 95% of public schools having at least one computer. Computers can be used as teaching aids both in schools and in homes. In schools, for example, teachers can plug a computer into an especially equipped overhead projector to bring texts, graphi
17、cs, sound and videos into a classroom. By these multimedia computer animations, teachers can more readily attract and retain students“ attention. Ann concludes that computer aided teaching can attract and motivate students who were dropping out when more traditional methods were being used. Let us n
18、ow turn to the Internet. This is a global network connecting many local networks. Over the Internet, high school students can retrieve information and databases from every networked library around the world in seconds. The World Wide Web provides an easy way to access hard-to-find information. Stude
19、nts can now reach any library through the global network and find what they want. The final step is to download the scanned image. Though the slow transmission of signal through the network is a major limiting factor, it can still save us much time in finding useful information, and thus it is an in
20、valuable tool to both high school teachers and students.（分数：10.00）(1).The main point of paragraph 1 is to（分数：2.00）A.outline the main causes of computerization.B.outline the main consequences of computerization.C.give background information on computerization.D.give the author“s viewpoint on computer
21、ization.(2).The word “facilitated“(paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.caused.B.developed.C.assisted.D.fascinated.(3).Computerization in school education seems to be（分数：2.00）A.yielding positive results.B.distracting the students“ attention.C.reducing the number of school dropouts.D.relie
22、ving the burden of the traditional teachers.(4).According to the passage, the major advantage of the Internet is（分数：2.00）A.its convenience in obtaining information.B.its wide and cheap access around the world.C.its ability to process information.D.its adaptability to computer hardware.(5).The author
23、“s attitude towards computerization seems to be（分数：2.00）A.indifferent.B.suspicious.C.biased.D.supportive.“WHAT“S the difference between God and Larry Ellison?“ asks an old software industry joke. Answer: God doesn“t think he“s Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs
24、in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the cult of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossy narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero. Narcissus met
25、a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller, “Good to Great“, Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the serf-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effaci
26、ng, thoughtful, monkish sorts who lead by inspiring example. A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, “It“s All About Me“, to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narc
27、issistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper levels of 105 firms in the computer and software industries. To do this, they bad to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism hav
28、e hitherto relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of
29、the boss“s photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his “Who“s Who“ entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firm“s second-highest paid executive. Narcis
30、sism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. How does that affect a firm? Messrs Chatterjee and Hambric
31、k found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending and leverage; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses) an
32、d more transient than those of firms run by their humbler peers. For shareholders, that could be good or bad. Although (oddly) the authors are keeping their narcissism ranking secret, they have revealed that Mr. Ellison did not come top. Alas for him, that may be because the study limited itself to
33、people who became the boss after 1991well after he took the helm. In every respect Mr. Ellison seems to be the classic narcissistic boss, claims Mr. Chatterjee. There is life in the old joke yet.（分数：10.00）(1).The old software industry joke is used in the text to（分数：2.00）A.show the difference between
34、 God and Larry Ellison.B.emphasize the success of the boss of Oracle.C.illustrate how chief executives manage their companies.D.introduce the topic of narcissism on top managerial level.(2).Jim Collins seems to believe that truly successful managers（分数：2.00）A.should encourage the staff by setting up
35、 examples.B.should not be regarded as stars by their employees.C.should ban boss-worship in the companies they lead.D.should be as humble as possible in their company.(3).A practical problem with the “It“s all about me“ study is that（分数：2.00）A.the survey takes too much time to be completed.B.the sub
36、jects for the survey may not be very cooperative.C.the bosses who are narcissistic are likely to tell lies to the surveyors.D.the six available indicators require the co-operation of the bosses.(4).According to the researchers, compared with humbler managers, narcissistic bosses are more likely to（分
37、数：2.00）A.have faster professional advances.B.draw attention from the general population.C.dramatize the changes in their companies.D.use resources of the company in extreme ways.(5).We can infer from the passage that（分数：2.00）A.the results of the new study has already been publicized.B.the researcher
38、s think Mr. Ellison is more classic than narcissistic.C.the joke about Mr. Ellison is actually adapted from real life.D.the ranking might be different if the survey focused on an earlier period.The human Y chromosomethe DNA chunk that makes a man a manhas lost so many genes over evolutionary time th
39、at some scientists have suspected it might disappear in 10 million years. But a new study says it“ll stick around. Researchers found no sign of gene loss over the past 6 million years, suggesting the chromosome is “doing a pretty good job of maintaining itself“, said researcher David Page of the Whi
40、tehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Mass. That agrees with prior mathematical calculations that suggested the rate of gene loss would slow as the chromosome evolved, Page and study co-authors note in Thursday“s issue of the journal Nature. And, they say, it clashes with what Page
41、called the “imminent demise“ idea that says the Y chromosome is doomed to extinction. The Y appeared 300 million years ago and has since eroded into a dinky chromosome, because it lacks the mechanism other chromosomes have to get rid of damaged DNA. So mutations have disabled hundreds of its origina
42、l genes, causing them to be shed as useless. The Y now contains only 27 genes or families of virtually identical genes. In 2003, Page reported that the modern-day Y has an unusual mechanism to fix about half of its genes and protect them from disappearing. But he said some scientists disagreed with
43、his conclusion. The new paper focuses on a region of the Y chromosome where genes can“t be fixed that way. Researchers compared the human and chimpanzee versions of this region. Humans and chimps have been evolving separately for about 6 million years, so scientists reasoned that the comparisons wou
44、ld reveal genes that have become disabled in one species or the other during that time. They found five such genes on the chimp chromosome, but none on the human chromosome, an imbalance Page called surprising. “It looks like there has been little if any gene loss in our own species lineage in the l
45、ast 6 million years“, Page said. That contradicts the idea that the human Y chromosome has continued to lose genes so fast it“ll disappear in 10 million years, he said. “I think we can with confidence dismiss.the “imminent demise“ theory“, Page said. Jennifer A. Marshall Graves of the Australian Nat
46、ional University in Canberra, a gene researcher who argues for eventual extinction of the Y chromosome, called Page“s work “beautiful“ but said it didn“t shake her conviction that the Y is doomed. The only real question is when, not if, the Y chromosome disappears, she said. “It could be a lot short
47、er than 10 million years, but it could be a lot longer“, she said. The Y chromosome has already disappeared in some other animals, and “there“s no reason to expect it can“t happen to humans“, she said. If it happened in people, some other chromosome would probably take over the sex-determining role
48、of the Y, she said.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first 3paragraphs that（分数：2.00）A.the human Y chromosome has stopped evolution.B.a man will no longer be a man in 10 million years.C.scientists are divided on the latest issue of Y chromosome.D.mathematical calculations are important in genetic studies.(2).Page seems to believe that（分数：2.00）A.the gene loss of Y chromosome is sure and fast.B.the gene loss of Y chromosome is quite slow.C.the Y chromosome is facing “imminent demise“.D.the Y chromosome will be replaced by a new one.(3).The w
