1、考研英语-试卷 189及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_With Airbus“ giant A380 airliner about to take to the skies, you might think planes co
2、uld not get much bigger-and you would be right. For a given design, it turns (1)_, there comes a point where the wings become too heavy to generate (2)_ lift to carry their own weight. (3)_ a new way of designing and making materials could (4)_ that problem. Two engineers (5)_ University College Lon
3、don have devised all innovative way to customize and control the (6)_ of a material throughout its three-dimensional structure. In the (7)_ of a wing, this would make possible a material that is dense, strong and load-bearing at one end, close to the fuselage, (8)_ the extremities could be made less
4、 dense, lighter and more (9)_. It is like making bespoke materials, (10)_ you can customize the physical properties of every cubic millimeter of a structure. The new technique combines existing technologies in a(n) (11)_ way, It starts by using finite-element-analysis software, of the type commonly
5、used by engineers, (12)_ a virtual prototype of the object. The software models the stresses and strains that the object will need to (13)_ throughout its structure. Using this information it is then (14)_ to calculate the precise forces acting on millions of smaller subsections of the structure. (1
6、5)_ of these subsections is (16)_ treated as a separate object with its own set of forces acting on it-and each subsection (17)_ for a different microstructure to absorb those local forces. Designing so many microstructures manually (18)_ be a huge task, so the researchers apply an optimization prog
7、ram, called a genetic algorithm, (19)_. This uses a process of randomization and trial-and-error to search the vast number of possible microstructures to find the most (20)_ design for each subsection.（分数：40.00）A.offB.outC.awayD.inA.manyB.muchC.enoughD.necessaryA.ButB.AndC.OrD.YetA.findB.discoverC.g
8、et overD.get aroundA.ofB.atC.inD.fromA.propertiesB.natureC.qualitiesD.characteristicsA.sampleB.caseC.conditionD.situationA.whileB.whichC.whatD.whereA.easyB.flexibleC.reflectiveD.compatibleA.asB.sinceC.becauseD.so long asA.novelB.strangeC.oddD.peculiarA.createsB.and createsC.creatingD.to createA.stan
9、dB.sustainC.understandD.withstandA.possibleB.impossibleC.likelyD.unlikelyA.EachB.OneC.EveryD.AllA.nextB.thenC.afterD.sinceA.asksB.callsC.demandsD.requiresA.is toB.shouldC.wouldD.has toA.in orderB.in placeC.in spiteD.insteadA.perfectB.completeC.suitableD.proper二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2
10、.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._What is time? Is it a thing to be saved or spent or wasted, like money? Or is it something we have no control over, like the weather? Is time the same a
11、ll over the world? That“s an easy question, you say. Wherever you go, a minute is 60 seconds, an hour is 60 minutes, a day is 24 hours, and so forth. Well, maybe. But in America, time is more than that. Americans see time as a very valuable resource. Maybe that“s why they are fond of the expression,
12、 “Time is money.“ Because Americans believe time is a limited resource, they try to conserve and manage it. People in the U.S. often attend seminars or read books on time management. It seems they all want to organize their time better. Professionals carry around pocket planners-some in electronic f
13、orm-to keep track of appointments and deadlines. People do all they can to squeeze more life out of their time. The early American hero Benjamin Franklin expressed this view best: “Do you love life.“? Then do not waste time, for that is the stuff life is made of.“ To Americans, punctuality is a way
14、of showing respect for other people“s time. Being more than 10 minutes late to an appointment usually calls for an apology, and maybe an explanation. People who are running late often call ahead to let others know of the delay. Of course, the less formal the situation, the less important it is to be
15、 exactly on time. At informal get-togethers, for example, people often arrive as much as 30 minutes past the appointed time. But they usually don“t try that at work. To outsiders, Americans seem tied to the clock, People in other cultures value relationships more than schedules. In these societies,
16、people don“t try to control time, but to experience it. Many Eastern cultures, for example, view time as a cycle. The rhythm of nature-from the passing of the seasons to the monthly cycle of the moonshapes their view of events. People learn to respond to their environment. As a result, they find it
17、easier to “go with the flow“ than Americans, who like plans to be fixed and unchangeable. Even Americans would admit that no one can master time. Time-like moneyslips all too easily through our fingers. And time-like the weather-is very haut to predict. Nevertheless, time is one of life“s most preci
18、ous gifts. And unwrapping it is half the fun.（分数：10.00）(1).Why Americans are fond of the expression “Time is money“?（分数：2.00）A.Because it may be saved or spent or wasted.B.Because it is something we have no control over.C.Because it is equal to everyone.D.Because it is regarded as an invaluable reso
19、urce.(2).Americans conserve and manage time in all the following cases EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.they often attend seminars or read books on time managementB.they all want to organize their time betterC.they keep track of appointments and deadlinesD.people do all they can to squeeze more life out of their
20、time(3).The early American hero Benjamin Franklin is cited as_.（分数：2.00）A.an example of squeezing more life out of his timeB.a man who loves lifeC.a summary of the above statementD.a warning to the American people(4).Which of the following is NOT true as regards punctuality in America?（分数：2.00）A.Nev
21、er 30 minutes later than the appointed time in any case.B.An apology for more than 10 minutes late to an appointment.C.Calling ahead to let others know of the delay.D.Being exactly on time at work.(5).To outsiders, Americans seem tied to the clock, which is shown in the fact that_.（分数：2.00）A.they va
22、lue relationships more than schedulesB.they don“t try to control timeC.they view time as a cycleD.they like plans to be fixed and unchangeableSuccessful businesses tend to continue implementing the ideas that made them successful. But in a rapidly changing world, ideas often become obsolete overnigh
23、t. What worked in the past won“t necessarily work in the future. In order to thrive in the future, you must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business. In fact, you must continually generate new ideas just to keep your head above water. Businesses that aren“t creative about their
24、future may not survive. Although Bill Gates is the richest, most successful man on the planet, he did not anticipate the Internet. Now he“s scrambling to catch up. If Bill Gates can miss a major aspect of his industry, it can happen to you in your industry. Your business needs to continually innovat
25、e and create its future. Gates is now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft. Here“s what he said in a recent interview in U.S. News World Report: “Will we be replaced tomorrow? No. In a very short time frame, Microsoft is an incredibly strong company. But when you look to the two-to three
26、-year time frame, I don“t think anyone can say with a straight face that any technology company has a guaranteed position. Not Intel, not Microsoft, not Compaq, not Dell, take any of your favorites. And that“s totally honest.“ You may remember that in 1985 the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were the beat-
27、selling toy on the market. But after Coleco Industries introduced their sensational line of dolls they became complacent and didn“t create any new toys worth mentioning. As a result, Coleco went bankrupt in 1988. The most successful businesses survive in the long term because they constantly reasses
28、s their situations and reinvent themselves accordingly. The 3M Company has a 15% rule: Employees are encouraged to spend 15% of their time developing new ideas on any project they desire. It“s no surprise, then, that 3M has been around since 1902. Most businesses are not willing to tear apart last y
29、ear“s model of success and build a new one. Here“s a familiar analogy to explain why they are lulled into complacency. Imagine that your business is like a pet of lobsters. To cook lobsters, you put them into a pot of warm water and gradually turn up the heat. The lobsters don“t realize they“re bein
30、g cooked because the process is se gradual. As a result, they become complacent and die without a struggle. However, if you throw a lobster into the pot when the water is boiling, it will desperately try to escape. This lobster is not lulled by a slowly changing environment. It realizes instantly th
31、at it“s in a bad environment and takes immediate action to change its status.（分数：10.00）(1).Judging from the context, “to keep your head above water“(Para. 1) probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.to be drownB.to keep away from dangerC.to keep out of financial difficultyD.to protect you from water(2).Why is Gat
32、es now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft?（分数：2.00）A.Because he is the richest, most successful man on the planet.B.Because his company will be replaced tomorrow.C.Because in a very short time frame, Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.D.Because he doesn“t think that any technolo
33、gy company has a guaranteed position.(3).Coleco Industries“ case suggests that_.（分数：2.00）A.the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the marketB.the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were sensational line of dollsC.complacency and lack of creation will ultimately ruin a businessD.the most suc
34、cessful businesses survive in the long term(4).According to this passage, the 3M Company“s success lies in its_.（分数：2.00）A.constant reassessment of their situationsB.15% ruleC.reinventionD.being around since 1902(5).By using the analogy of “throwing a lobster into a pot“, the author tries to imply t
35、hat_.（分数：2.00）A.some managers are really foolish peopleB.it“s cruel to cook lobstersC.people are tend to become complacentD.bad environment calls for immediate actionMy inspiration is my grandmother, who“s still alive at 96. She raised me from the time I was 8 on a dairy farm in Wisconsin. In anothe
36、r era she could have done what I do, although I didn“t know what a CEO was then. I“m a real go-getter and don“t know any other way. I tell my 12-year-old daughter, if you have a test, why not try for an A? I don“t believe in half doing something. In my career, the biggest shock came in my 20“s. I lo
37、ved my job as a field systems analyst at 3M, and wanted my first manager“s job at headquarters. They even told me I was the best candidate, totally qualified. Then they told me, “It“s not possible because you“re a woman.“ I was so shocked that I quit. I had this feeling of being totally blown away a
38、s I crawled back to Atlanta. I preach to people: there are no bad bosses. You learn how not to treat people. My worst boss was full of himself and wanted to micromanage. The man didn“t have a complimentary bone in his body. I still have my performance review he wrote in small anal print. It was wint
39、er in Minnesota. I didn“t want to drive. I was out the door at 5 p.m. because the bus left the front door at 5:06. He put that down in my review how fast I was out the door. It didn“t matter the rest of the year I was there until 6 or 7. Later, when I switched companies. I attended an off-site strat
40、egy meeting in Florida. There was a barbecue and the meeting continued on into the evening. My boss“ boss threw a towel across the room and said, “Clean up, Carol.“ I caught the towel, went over and scrubbed his face. Everybody in the room went “Ohhhh.“ The luckiest thing in my career is that I have
41、 a computer science degree. Doors opened wide at a time when it wasn“t necessarily great for women. If I could wave a magic wand, I“d have every girl pass college freshman calculus.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the author_.（分数：2.00）A.lives in the countrysideB.is a mi
42、ddle-aged manC.is a CEOD.does very well in tests(2).What is the biggest shock in the writer“s career?（分数：2.00）A.She lost her job as a field systems analyst in 1920s.B.She lost her grandmother who was her inspiration.C.She was denied the post of first manager on account of sexual discrimination.D.She
43、 quit after being totally blown away and crawled back home.(3).It didn“t matter the rest of the year I was there until 6 or 7(Para. 3) implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.the boss did not care if she was there at 6 or 7 o“clockB.the boss never had a good opinion of her ever since, no matter how she triedC.it d
44、idn“t matter in the rest of the year whether she left her work at 6 or 7 o“clockD.she stayed in that company for 6 or 7 years(4).Everybody in the room went “Ohhhh“(Para. 4) because_.（分数：2.00）A.the author made the room so clean and tidyB.the author scrubbed the face with the towelC.the author was too
45、 glad to obey the orderD.the author seemed too rude with her superior(5).According to the passage, the characteristics of the author may be described as_.（分数：2.00）A.Intelligent and gentle.B.Industrious and moderate.C.Stubborn and perseverant.D.Ambitious and enterprising“Target apologizes for any dis
46、comfort,“ said a spokesman for the discount chain, “that may have been caused by the baseball caps and shorts carrying the insignia “88“.“ He explained that it was not the company“s intent to promote hate. Since when does 88 mean “hate“? It turns out that some neo-Nazis have discovered that the eigh
47、th letter of the alphabet is “h“, and to them the number 88 is an oh-sosecret coded symbol for “heil Hitler“. The Boston Herald recalled the days of dot-and-dash telegraphy, with its two-digit codes for common phrases, and observed that “on CB and ham radio, and at the bottom of an odd e-mail, you s
48、till run across “88“love and kisses“, which no gallant will dare use anymore to pique the interest of the YLs (young ladies) for fear they“ll think he is a bug-eyed, swastikatattooed nutcake“ Fans of Chet Gould“s “Dick Tracy“ strip of the 1950“s will remember a piano-playing cartoon character with the musical name “88 Keys“, played by Mandy Patinkin in the 1990 movie version. It comes from the number of keys on a piano keyboard, and its symbol can be the opposite of hatred: “Some of those 8
