1、考研英语-试卷 180及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_There (1)_ not one type of reading but several according to your reasons for reading.
2、To read carefully, you have to (2)_ your reading speed and technique (3)_ your aim (4)_ reading. Skimming is a technique necessary for quick and efficient reading. When skimming, you (5)_ the reading (6)_ quickly in order to get the (7)_ of it, to know how it is organized, (8)_ an idea of the tone o
3、r the intention of the writer. Skimming is (9)_ an activity which (10)_ an overall view of the text and (11)_ a definite reading competence. Skimming doesn“t need reading all the material, but it doesn“t mean that it is an (12)_ skill for the lazy, because it need a high degree of alertness and conc
4、entration. When you read, you usually start with (13)_ understanding and move towards detailed understanding rather than working the other way round. But (14)_ is also used after you have already carefully studied and you need to (15)_ the major ideas and concepts. In order to be able to skim quickl
5、y and (16)_ through a text, you should know where to look for what you want. In preview skimming you read the introductory information, the headings and subheadings, and the summary, if one is provided. (17)_ this skimming, decide whether to read the material more thoroughly, and select the appropri
6、ate speed (18)_ you read. The same procedure (19)_ for preview skimming could also be used to get an overview. Another method would be to read only key words. This is done by omitting the unnecessary words, phrases, and sentences. In order to skim efficiently and fulfill your purpose, (20)_ practice
7、 is necessary.（分数：40.00）A.isB.areC.wasD.wereA.adaptB.adoptC.changeD.adeptA.onB.aboutC.forD.toA.onB.whileC.asD.atA.run throughB.run overC.go onD.go throughA.substanceB.resourceC.sourceD.materialA.fistB.histC.gistD.listA.gettingB.to getC.gotD.have gotA.howeverB.neverthelessC.thereforeD.thusA.requiresB
8、.requestsC.requitesD.requisiteA.impliesB.appliesC.hintsD.pointsA.awfulB.unsuitableC.idealD.wrongA.globalB.universalC.unilateralD.partialA.readingB.understandingC.workingD.skimmingA.reverseB.reviewC.reviseD.revertA.efficientlyB.effectivelyC.affectivelyD.effectuallyA.WhenB.AsC.AfterD.BeforeA.whichB.th
9、atC.at whichD.at thatA.usingB.usedC.useD.be usedA.a number ofB.an amount ofC.manyD.a few二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._When European Union (EU)
10、 leaders took delivery of Europe“s first draft of a constitution at a summit in Greece last June, it was with almost universal praise. There was wide agreement that the text could save the EU from paralysis once it expands from 15 to 25 members next year. It would give Europe a more stable leadershi
11、p and greater clout on the world stage, said the chairman of the Convention which drafted the agreement, former French President Valery Giscard Estaing. Such praise was too good to last. As the product of a unique 16-month public debate, the draft has become a battleground. Less than four months aft
12、er it was delivered, the same leaders who accepted it opened the second round of talks on its content this week by trading veiled threats to block agreement or cut off funds if they don“t get their way. The tone was polite, but unyielding. In a bland joint statement issued when the talks opened on O
13、ctober 4, the leaders stressed the constitution, “represents a vital step in the process aimed at making Europe more cohesive, more democratic and closer to its citizens. “Sharp differences remain, though, between member countries of the EU over voting rights, the size and composition of the executi
14、ve European Commission, defense co-operation and the role of religion in the new constitution. Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi“s hopes of wrapping up a deal on the constitution by Christmas seem far from being realized. While the six founding members of the EUGermany, France, Italy, the Net
15、herlands, Belgium and Luxembourgplus Britain and Denmark, want as little change as possible to the draft, the 10 mainly central European countries due to join the 15-nation bloc next year want to alter the institution“s balance. Such small states are afraid their views will be ignored under the cons
16、titution and are determined to defend the disproportionate voting rights they won at the 2000 Nice Summit. EU experts fear such sharp differences will create exactly the paralysis in the EU the Convention was established to avoid.（分数：10.00）(1).The first draft of the EU constitution was aimed at _.（分
17、数：2.00）A.turning EU into a super power in the world“s economy.B.serving the interest of the 10 nations planning to come aboard.C.building a better election system for excellent leadership.D.preventing EU from ineffectiveness due to its expansion.(2).The universal praise for the draft turned out to b
18、e _.（分数：2.00）A.short-lived.B.too good.C.totally wrong.D.very insightful.(3).A second round of talks were opened by some leaders, because _.（分数：2.00）A.they want to make the first draft into a battleground.B.they want to tear the first draft up and write a new one.C.their needs were not satisfactorily
19、 met in the draft.D.their funds were channeled into inappropriate projects.(4).Which of the following issue might not be their source of argument?（分数：2.00）A.Leader election.B.Religious belief.C.Military cooperation,D.Economic cooperation.(5).According to experts, the real thing that may paralyze EU
20、is _.（分数：2.00）A.the bigger size that EU will have in the future.B.the disproportionate voting rights of some small states.C.the fierce disagreement among its member countries.D.the threat from some leaders who want their ways.Scientists have for the first time used cloning to create human embryos th
21、at live long enough in a laboratory dish to have their stem cells harvested. The feat could set the stage for physicians to produce cells and tissues, tailored to a patient“s genetic identity that can treat a wide variety of human illnesses. The accomplishment also provides a road map for how to clo
22、ne a person, an even more divisive undertaking. The new work, performed in South Korea, represents “a major advance in stem cell research. It could help spur a medical revolution as important as antibiotics and vaccines“, says Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology (ACT), a company in Worcester, M
23、ass., that“s also investigating the promising stem cell strategy called therapeutic cloning. “However, now that the methodology is publicly available“, Lanza adds, “I think it is absolutely imperative that we pass laws worldwide to prevent the technology from being abused for reproductive-cloning pu
24、rposes“. While some fertility doctors and a religious cult have claimed success at creating a pregnancy via cloning, they“ve offered no convincing proof. In contrast, the South Korean research is being reported at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Seattle and
25、will appear in an upcoming Science. “This is reality“, says stem cell researcher John Gearhart of Johns Hopkins University. “Here is a bona fide, refereed journal saying that a human embryo has been cloned and a cell line derived from it“. Although ACT has not yet published a report of a cloned huma
26、n blastocyst, Lanza says that the South Korean success is “consistent with our own results“. Therapeutic cloning appeals to Lanza and physicians because cells made this way could have the same DNA as a patient“s cells do and thus avoid rejection after they“re transplanted. Seeking a compromise that
27、would permit this strategy to be pursued, many scientists have called for legislation that would ban cloning to produce a baby but allow the creation of cloned embryos to generate stem cells for research or therapies. “The debate has been very polarized“, notes bio-ethicist Laurie Zoloth of Northwes
28、tern University in Evanston.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, stem cells are hard to obtain because _.（分数：2.00）A.human embryos are very short-lived outside a human body.B.human embryos are extremely hard to be cloned.C.human genetic identity is difficult to be defined.D.human cloning is strongly
29、opposed by some researchers.(2).Successful stem cell research will hopefully lead to _.（分数：2.00）A.the cloning of any human beings.B.the cure of many otherwise incurable diseases.C.the abandonment of antibiotics and vaccines.D.the realization of human“s dream of immortality.(3).It can be inferred fro
30、m the passage that human cloning _.（分数：2.00）A.has not been so successful as some fertility doctors claim.B.will definitely be banned through legislations.C.has encountered huge technological and funding problems.D.is another project being implemented by South Korean scientists.(4).According to the p
31、assage, the key factor in avoiding rejection after transplantation is to _.（分数：2.00）A.make DNAs that are very small and have immune systems.B.make DNAs that are as strong as antibiotics and vaccines.C.make DNAs that are identical with those in the patients“ cells.D.make DNAs that are consistent with
32、 the ACT research results.(5).The “compromise“ in the last paragraph probably refers to the practice of _.（分数：2.00）A.allowing human cloning to be strictly supervised in laboratories.B.permitting human cloning to be done in laboratories only.C.allowing cloning technology to be used in strictly limite
33、d areas.D.permitting cloning technology to be used in any field other than medical science.Since the industrial revolution, government, society, and industry have attempted to channel technological progress in useful directions. Whether it is the printing press, the cotton gin the automobile or the
34、Internet, technological innovations often have profound economic and social effects. To harness the benefits and minimize the more harmful effects of new technologies, modern governments use four basic approaches: specific direction, market incentives, criminal prohibition, and behavior modification
35、. Specific direction starts with governments identifying one or more key factors in the R and the issues of psychological and sexual exploitation and, to a lesser extent, exploitation through consumption, have been the most prominent ones. It is not surprising that the women“s liberation movement sh
36、ould begin among bourgeois women, and should be dominated in the beginning by their consciousness and their particular concerns. Radical women are generally the post war middle class generation that grew up with the right to vote, the chance at higher education and training for supportive roles in t
37、he professions and business. Most of them are young and sophisticated enough to have not yet had children and do not have to marry to support themselves. In comparison with most women, they are capable of a certain amount of control over their lives. The higher development of bourgeois democratic so
38、ciety allows the women who benefit from education and relative equality to see the contradictions between its rhetoric (every child can become president) and their actual place in that society. The working class woman might believe that education could have made her financially independent but the e
39、ducated career woman finds that money has not made her independent. In fact, because she has been allowed to progress halfway on the upward-mobility ladder she can see the rest of the distance that is denied her only because she is a woman. She can see the similarity between her oppression and that
40、of other sections of the population. Thus, from their own experience, radical women in the movement are aware of more faults in the society than racism and imperialism. Because they have pushed the democratic myth to its limits, they know concretely how it limits them. At the same time that radical
41、women were learning about American society they were also becoming aware of the male chauvinism in the movement. In fact, that is usually the cause of their first conscious 100 verbalization of the prejudice they feel; it is more disillusioning to know that the same contradiction exists between the
42、movement“s rhetoric of equality and its reality, for we expect more of our comrades. This realization of the deep-seated prejudice against themselves in the movement produces two common reactions among its women: 1) a preoccupation with this immediate barrier (and perhaps a resultant hopelessness),
43、and 2) a tendency to retreat inward, to buy the fool“s gold of creating a personally liberated life style. However, our concept of liberation represents a consciousness that conditions have forced on us while most of our sisters are chained by other conditions, biological and economic, that overwhel
44、m their humanity and desires for self-fulfillment. Our background accounts for our ignorance about the stark oppression of women“s daily lives.（分数：10.00）(1).The basic difference between Middle Class women and other women in the liberation movement is that _.（分数：2.00）A.Middle Class women are not marr
45、ied and have no children.B.Middle Class women are not afraid of their husbands.C.other women have less control of their own lives.D.other women grow up with no rights to vote.(2).We can learn from the second paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.social democratic development plays a part in social inequality.
46、B.what makes women dependent is their economic status.C.women can achieve their social equality through education.D.the upward-mobility ladder denies access to women.(3).What do radical women expect more from their male counterparts?（分数：2.00）A.More financial help.B.More political support.C.More real
47、 respect for sex equality.D.More active involvement in their movement.(4).According to the text, what might a lot of women do when they realize the prejudice in their movement?（分数：2.00）A.Fight more Bravely to get real equality with men.B.Become hopeless and pretend to live their own happy life.C.Buy
48、 some gold so as to store enough money for themselves.D.Retreat from the movement and focus on better education.(5).The author implies in the last paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.most women can retreat from the liberation movement too.B.most women have a strong desire for self-fulfillment as we do.C.most women are eager to be liberated by us from oppression.D.most women couldn“t create the liberated life style as we do.4.Part B_
