1、考研英语-试卷 174及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review
2、 Letters, cell biologists have Cell, neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, (1)_, are the only two major journals that (2)_ the complete range of scientific (3)_. As a result, journalists look (4)_ them each week for the (5)_ of new science papers. And scientists look to the
3、journals (6)_ to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for (7)_ has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular (8)_ to gain an advantage over their (9)_. Publication in specialized journals will win the honor of academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish (10)_, but Science and
4、Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications. Scientists are also trying to (11)_ other scientists through Science and Nature, not just the public. The line between popular and professional notoriety is not (12)_. Scientis
5、ts tend to pay more attention to the Big Two than to other journals. (13)_ more scientists know about a particular pa per, they are more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being often-cited will increase a scientist“s “Impact Factor“, a measure of how often papers are cited by (14)_. Funding agenci
6、es use the Impact Factor as a (15)_ measure of the influence of scientists they are considering supporting. (16)_ Science and Nature papers have more visibility, the number of“ submissions is growing, say the editors. Nature now gets 10,000 (17)_ a year, and that figure is rising, says editor-in-chi
7、ef Philip Campbell via email. In his opinion, this partly reflects the increase (18)_ scientific activity around the word. It also (19)_ reflects the increasing and sometimes (20)_ emphasis amongst funding agencies and governments on publication measures, such as the typical rates of citation of jou
8、rnals.（分数：40.00）A.evenB.thoughC.althoughD.as ifA.layB.eastC.holdD.coverA.manipulationB.disciplinesC.principlesD.experimentsA.toB.outC.upD.forwardA.substanceB.essenceC.essentialD.significanceA.in lineB.in partC.in personD.in allA.subsidyB.bonusC.favorD.grantsA.distinctionB.publicityC.renownD.esteemA.
9、counterpartsB.alliesC.rivalsD.matchesA.imperativeB.desireC.requirementD.necessityA.connectB.arriveC.reachD.getA.distinctiveB.distinctC.distinguishingD.distinguishedA.AsB.IfC.WithD.WhenA.fellowsB.peersC.membersD.colleaguesA.roughB.harshC.rudeD.unevenA.SinceB.HoweverC.BecauseD.Due toA.documentsB.prese
10、ntationsC.referencesD.manuscriptsA.atB.ofC.onD.inA.no wonderB.no timeC.no doubtD.no soonerA.excessiveB.recessiveC.massiveD.expressive二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by ch
11、oosing A, B, C or D._Extrapolating from the adage “two heads are better than one“, a group of economists at the University of Iowa has learned how to turn the instincts of individuals into useful predictions of the future. So far, the researchers have tested their method by predicting the outcome of
12、 such events as the American presidential election and the number of books sold on the first day of a Harry Potter re lease. Now, they have turned their sights to influenza. The influenza in question is not the pandemic bird-flu-related sort that is currently a cause for concern but the quotidian bu
13、g that lays people low, particularly in winter. Even this disease is not trivial, it kills, for instance, about 36,000 people in America and possibly as many as 12,000 people in Britain every year. If outbreaks could be predicted, patients at particular risk could be vaccinated and medical personnel
14、 redeployed in anticipation. So Philip Polgreen and his colleagues wondered if they could succeed where medical science had failed, and give adequate warning of influenza outbreaks. America“s Centres for Disease Control(CDC) track influenza cases in the country as they hap pen. A week later, they re
15、lease the data, in part by using a colour-coded map. The colours reflect the level of influenza activity in each state on a five-point scale, with yellow representing “no activity“ and red representing “widespread activity“. In their study, Dr. Polgreen and his colleagues gave 60 doctors and nurses
16、based in Iowa 100 “flu dollars“ each. The participants used these to buy and sell shares coded according to the CDC“s colours for a particular week in the future, based on how many cases they thought would occur in the state during that week. For example, if a physician saw three young children with
17、 flu symptoms in his office, he might sell any yellow shares he had for the following week and buy red ones. Conversely, if no one he saw seemed to have trouble with influenza, he might buy more yellow or green (sporadic activity) shares for each of the next few weeks. Over the course of the flu sea
18、son from October 2004 to April 2005, 52 participants logged into the market as traders. They were able to buy and sell up to seven weeks in advance. At the end of the experiment, each flu dollar was converted into a real one and given to the participants in the form of an educational grant.（分数：10.00
19、）(1).The purpose of the economists“ research at the University of Iowa is to（分数：2.00）A.predict the outcome of American presidential election.B.predict the sales result of best-sellers.C.predict future events.D.predict diseases like influenza.(2).If succeed, Philip Polgreen and his colleagues might（分
20、数：2.00）A.cure the bird-flu disease.B.cure influenza.C.give adequate help to patients.D.anticipate the outbreaks of flu.(3).If the CDC“s map turns all red, it means（分数：2.00）A.they keep good record of the influenza eases.B.Philip Polgreen and his colleagues are successful.C.there is no cases of influe
21、nza.D.there is a wide outbreak of influenza.(4).What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The physicians are learning to invest in the stock market.B.The study is carried out in the form of stock investment.C.Dr. Polgreen is experienced in stock investment.D.All the participants are
22、rewarded with 100 dollars.(5).If most participants end up with green shares, it means（分数：2.00）A.there will be no flu cases in the coming seven weeks.B.there will be flu breakout in the coming seven weeks.C.there will be some flu cases in the coming seven week.D.the study is failed.Big macs. Nacho-Ch
23、eese Chalupas. Subway subs. Rob Borucki adores them all. The 37-year old indulges in fast-food fare at least five times a week. A really good day for Borucki? When Wienerschnitzel, a West Coast hot-dog chain he grew up with, recently opened just a few blocks from his Tempe Arizona office and he got
24、to enjoy with his fellow sausage enthusiasts. “I was so excited“ says the Internet project manager, who runs a fast-food fan Web site. “And so was everyone there.“ In fast-food terms, Borucki is called a “heavy user,“ even though he is quite slender. Loosely defined as the 20 percent of fast-food ea
25、ters who account for 60 percent of all fast-food sales, a typical heavy user is male, in his 20s or 30s and extremely loyal to the burgers and fries he loves, lately, heavies are feeling under siege as fast-food chains have come under attack. Obese diners are suing companies like McDonald“s for alle
26、gedly contributing to their weight problems, And the endless flood of studies detailing the horrors of obesity provide plenty of ammo for the chatter, types who want heavy users to change their ways. Heavy users like Borucki insist they don“t need saving, protesting that they are far from the use le
27、ss fatties anti-fast-food activists make them out to be. For his part, Borucki is a moderate exerciser. And he“ll occasionally substitute a side salad for his regular fries. Indeed, in a recent study of restaurant-goers by the research firm Technomic, 90 percent said they had concerns about obesity,
28、 and 50 percent said they“d changed their eating habits in the past year as a result. Fast-food companies have noticed. You can give your waistline a break today with a McDonald“s fruit-and-walnut salad or skip the flame-broiled meat and have a Burger King Fire-Grilled salad with shrimp instead. The
29、 healthy approach is working: sales are expected to increase by as much as 4 percent this year. Heavy users are adaptingin their own way. They“re eating Chicken Whoppers as well as the real thing and cutting back on anything that has the word “fried“ in its name. McDonald“s dropped its Super Size po
30、rtions, apparently because customers stopped ordering the gigantic servings. “But the Ouarter Pounder with Cheese or the Big Macthose items will not be touched,“ says Technomic“s Dennis Lombardi. Jeremy Hageman can take some comfort in that. The 26-year-old Web designer hits the gym three times a we
31、ek so that he can indulge in as much fast food as he likes. “I like things that taste good,“ Hageman says. He came up with a plan: eat more Taco Bell. “For some reason,“ he says, “it doesn“t seem as bad.“（分数：10.00）(1).A really good day for Rob Borucki will be a day（分数：2.00）A.he can eat sausage of Wi
32、enerschnitzel.B.to eat fast-food like Big macs or Subway subs.C.a new fast-food chain restaurant opened nearby.D.to eat fast-food with his fellow friends.(2).The word “ammo“ (Line 7, Paragraph 2) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.fast-food.B.studies on obesity.C.lawsuits about fast-food.D.facts against
33、fast-food.(3).Fast-food eaters may not absolutely be obese mainly because（分数：2.00）A.they often do exercises.B.they choose to eat salad instead of fries.C.they realized the danger and changed their diet.D.fast-food companies are changing.(4).People may find in McDonald“s that（分数：2.00）A.it stopped sel
34、ling fried food.B.it has a super size set.C.the menu remained unchanged.D.it adjusted the servings.(5).This passage is written mainly for（分数：2.00）A.people in the business of fast-food.B.people against fast-food.C.the heavy users of fast-food.D.fast-food consumers.The next big workout craze is one ev
35、en a couch potato could love. It starts with a warm-up: a trip to the supermarket. Then there“s a large dinner, followed by some leisurely hours spent doing crossword puzzles. Finally, there“s the cool-down, a long bubble bath. Keep this up, and you“ll be buff in no time. Mentally buff, at any rate.
36、 This is a workout for your brainan example of “neurobics“, a movement that“s gaining momentum among those looking to stay sharp as they age. Some psychologists claim that by adjusting your routine in small ways (like taking a different route to the grocery store or stimulating your senses with a ne
37、w fragranced bath product), you can encourage neurons to build more connections to each other. Though scientists know little about the early stages of Alzheimer“s, clinical evidence is starting to show that mental “exercises“ like these may ward it off. Neurobics got started with the 1999 book Keep
38、Your Brain Alive by Duke University neurobiologist Larry Katz and writer Manning Rubin. Since then, the term has entered common usage (it“s defined in at least one slang dictionary) and inspired numerous imitators. Entrepreneurs now offer courses that teach neurobic exercises alongside more traditio
39、nal seminars on handling stress and expressing emotions. Corporate trainers like Mind Gym run employees through 90 minute “workouts“ designed to in crease productivity. There“s also the MyBrainT site, a paid service that provides access to games like those used in psychological experiments to test c
40、ognitive ability. There“s no evidence that these games are any better for you than, say, scrabble. But MyBrainTrainer creator Bruce Friedman says he gets a “neural buzz“ from themand he“s taken each more than 1,600 times. Still, it“s a good bet that a simple change in routine will be just as effecti
41、ve. If that doesn“t seem mentally wearing, consider how you go about most neurobic activities in ordinary life. Most likely, you“re going through the motionsdriving on roads you know by heart, swallowing down dinner with out savoring its taste or texture. Changing things will force you to pay attent
42、ion to what you“re doing. Even those who are skeptical about neurobics“ potential for preventing Alzheimer“s have to admit that isn“t a bad thing.（分数：10.00）(1).By describing the process of a workout, the author intends to show（分数：2.00）A.a healthy lifestyle.B.a new way of exercise.C.a new way of ment
43、al relaxation.D.the life of a couch potato.(2).Researchers have come to believe that neurobics（分数：2.00）A.is suitable for people“s brain.B.may help the mind stay sharp.C.prevent the risk of Alzheimer“s.D.build connection among neurons.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the book Keep Your Br
44、ain Alive（分数：2.00）A.inspired numerous imitators.B.was written to increase productivity.C.described psychological games.D.pioneered the idea of neurobics.(4).Bruce Friedman seems to suggest that（分数：2.00）A.his website is very successful.B.he himself benefits from psychological games.C.psychological ga
45、mes are very interesting.D.neurobics are effective for people.(5).From the text we can conclude that the author（分数：2.00）A.does not favor neurobics.B.encourages people to try nenrobics.C.is enthusiastic about neurobics.D.thinks much of neurobics.Judging by the $23 billion it earned last year, these s
46、hould be the best of times for Shell, the Anglo-Dutch energy giant that ranks third among the top five Western oil companies. But Wall Street isn“t celebrating. Instead, analysts are worried that buried beneath the record profit figures are worrying signs of a business in decline. That“s because She
47、ll hasn“t been able to find nearly as much oil and gas as it“s now pumping out of the ground. In fact, it hasn“t even come closereplacing only 60% to 70% of what it produced in 2005 and only 19% in 2004. Shell has had reserve problems for yearsa controversy over improperly booked assets forced it to
48、 reduce estimated reserves by roughly 30% and led to the resignation of its CEO, Phil Watts, in 2004. But what“s troubling now is that Shell is falling way behind rivals like Exxon and BP despite spending billions more each year on exploring and drilling new wells. Last year Exxon replaced 112% of production; BP came up with 95%. “I have never seen anything like this,“ says Fadel Gheit, a veteran energy analyst with Oppenheimer 25% dealt with methods or paleoclimate, taking no position on current anthropogenic climate change. Rema
