1、考研英语-试卷 169及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Formal economic forecasting is usually based on a (1)_ theory as to how the economy wo
2、rks. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborate (2)_ of cause and effect. Others are relatively simple, (3)_ most developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of money (4)_ the rate of growth
3、 of general business activity. Others (5)_ a central role to investment in new facilitieshousing, industrial plants, highways, and so forth. In the United States, where consumers (6)_ such a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions to (7)_ or save provide the pr
4、incipal (8)_ to the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is of (9)_ importance to the forecasting process; it (10)_ his line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply. Although economic t
5、heory may determine the general (11)_ of a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide that the circumstances of the moment are (12)_ and that a forecast produced by the (13)_ statistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances.
6、This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an a (14)_ economic effect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar would (15)_ shar
7、ply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and that (16)_ rates would rise only moderately. None of these conclusions followed (17)_ purely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisions (18)_, an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made
8、by traditional methods to take account of other unique (19)_; he may, for example, decide that consumers will (20)_ their spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.（分数：40.00）A.specificB.peculiarC.uniqueD.unifiedA.trailB.trapC.t
9、rackingD.tracingA.claimingB.ascribingC.referringD.creditingA.resolveB.determineC.settleD.concludeA.appointB.distributeC.assignD.dictateA.account forB.comprise upC.make up ofD.consist ofA.wasteB.investC.purchaseD.economizeA.symptomsB.cluesC.evidencesD.signalsA.secondaryB.criticalC.minorD.remarkableA.
10、instructsB.ordersC.affectsD.dictatesA.outlineB.shapeC.profileD.diagramA.oddB.strangeC.uniqueD.commonA.specificB.regularC.usualD.particularA.sureB.avoidableC.positiveD.inevitableA.expandB.declineC.increaseD.deviateA.assetB.capitalC.interestD.profitA.throughB.upC.inD.onA.ObviouslyB.OccasionallyC.Conse
11、quentlyD.SimilarlyA.settingB.conditionsC.surroundingsD.backgroundA.quitB.alterC.preserveD.invent二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Could HIV, the v
12、irus that causes AIDS, be weakening? The results of a study conducted in Belgium, at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, seem to suggest that in one corner of the world it might be. The report, published in the latest issue of AIDS, a specialist journal, concludes that HIV“s ability to re
13、plicate (known technically as its virulence) may have decreased since the start of the pandemic. Kevin Aden, the lead author of the paper, stresses that the study is based on a small set of samples and does not prove that HIV“s virulence is attenuating around the world. However, it does offer new in
14、sights into the evolution of the disease. Dr. Arien looked at 24 blood samples collected from untreated patients attending an HIV/ AIDS clinic in Antwerp. A dozen of these samples were taken between 1986 and 1989; the other 12 were collected between 2002 and 2003. First, he analyzed the samples to f
15、ind their viral load (the number of virus particles per cubic centimeter) and the subtype of virus involved. In Europe and North America, the predominant subtype is B; in sub-Saharan Africa, where the epidemic is at its worst, the predominant subtype is C. Most of Dr. Arien“s samples were of subtype
16、 B. Having done this analysis, he paired the samples off for a series of replicative “duels“. Each sample from the earlier series was matched with the most similar one from the later series, and they were placed in identical cell cultures to see which would multiply the most. The result was that 75%
17、 of the viruses from 2002-03 were less virulent than apparently similar counterparts from 1986-89a statistically significant observation. Dr. Arien“s caution is sensible, at least until someone replicates the work elsewhere. But his conclusion is not necessarily surprising. Such viral attenuation, a
18、s it is known, is one way that vaccines are produced. What causes attenuation in wild viruses, though, is a matter of speculation. Dr Arien believes that in this case the attenuation could be the result of what he calls “serial genetic bottlenecks“ during transmission from host to host. These act to
19、 reduce the genetic diversity (and thus the replicative fitness) of the virus. Genetic diversity is known to be an important component of HIV“s virulence. But what might cause the bottlenecks is still unclear. A second reason for caution besides the small size of the study is, as Geoffrey Garnett, a
20、 professor of microparasite epidemiology at Imperial College, London, points out, that the ability of a virus to infect cells in a test-tube is not the same as its ability to cause disease and death in a human host. Nevertheless, Dr Aden“s result is intriguing, and surely worth following up in a lar
21、ger piece of research.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “attenuating“(Paragraph 1) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.weakening.B.accentuating.C.accelerating.D.increasing.(2).We can learn from para. 2 that（分数：2.00）A.a dozen of blood examples were from the patients died between 1986 and 1989.B.Dr. Arien studied the
22、blood examples to find the cause of AIDS.C.the subtype of virus involved is different due to different places.D.3/4 of the viruses appeared to be more harmful than before.(3).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.In his paper, Dr. Arien proves that HIV is weakening in Europ
23、e and Africa.B.Two kinds of blood samples are placed in two different cell cultures to be observed.C.Dr. Arien has made the cause of attenuation of virus clear.D.There are 3/4 of the viruses in Dr. Arien“s study proving to be less harmful.(4).By saying “Dr. Arien“s caution is sensible“(Line 1, Parag
24、raph 3), the author implies that（分数：2.00）A.The result of Arien“s research is worth further studies.B.the result of Dr. Arien“s research is not true.C.Dr. Arien“s conclusion has been made by others before.D.Dr. Arien“s result is based on the small size of study.(5).Which is the best title for the tex
25、t?（分数：2.00）A.New Method of AIDS Treatment.B.A Small Hope in HIV Research.C.AIDS“ Damage May Decrease Soon.D.The Special Bottlenecks to HIV Study.Despite the doubts, and despite complaints from shop owners, London“s congestion chargeintroduced in February 2003has managed to ease the gridlock in the c
26、ity centre. Traffic is down by 18%, jams by 30%. The scheme“s biggest weakness is that it is crude: drivers pay 8 ($14) to enter the zone between 7am and 6:30pm, regardless of how congested the roads are, or how long they stay. So road-pricing fans are watching trials by Transport for London (TfL) o
27、f a new detection system, called tag-and-beacon, with interest. Under such a scheme (used in Singapore and on some European roads) cars are fitted with electronic tags that are read by roadside masts. If the trial is successful, TfL says that the city could switch to the system once the contract to
28、run the congestion charge is re-let in 2009. Currently, cameras are used to read license plates and track motorists. They are not always reliable: an individual camera identifies only around 70% of cars. Most driven get photographed more than once, which boosts the system“s effectiveness to over 95%
29、, but that still leaves several thousand vehicles per day whose details must be laboriously checked by hand. Tag-and-beacon technology is much more accurate, with an identification rate of over 99%. TfL says the trial is partly designed to see whether the new system could allow drivers to pay charge
30、s by direct debit. That would be popular with motorists, who complain that the current payment system is unfriendly: the toll for a day“s travel must be paid manuallyonline, by phone or in a shopby midnight, with steep fines levied on forgetful drivers. More precise detection also allows for more pr
31、ecision in policy, and road-pricing enthusiasts see radical possibilities ahead. TfL says it is considering using the new technology to charge drivers each time they cross the zone boundary (up to a daily maximum), instead of paying once for an entire day“s travel. That would be cheaper for drivers
32、who make few trips into the zone, although drivers who spend a long time trundling around without leaving (thereby causing the most congestion) would get off lightly, too. Further refinements may be possible. The current system has cut traffic most drastically in the middle of the day, when congesti
33、on is at its lowest. Demand for road space would better match supply if charges were variablehigh at the busiest times of day and low in quiet periods. Such a time-sensitive, variable-charging scheme using a tag-and-beacon system was endorsed last year by Bob Kiley, the TfL“s boss, who also said tha
34、t he wanted to extend the congestion charge to other parts of London. That would be controversial, and Mr. Kiley“s underlings were quick to insist that his musings were not official policy. But the original scheme was controversial too, yet Ken Livingstone, London“s mayor and its biggest backer, was
35、 re-elected after introducing it. It would be a shame if timidity took hold now.（分数：10.00）(1).From paragraph 1, we know that London“s congestion charge scheme（分数：2.00）A.has got much support from shop owners.B.has reduced 18% of traffic jams.C.asks $14 for entering the city center after 7pm.D.demands
36、 same charges from drivers in spite of road conditions.(2).The tag-and-beacon system（分数：2.00）A.is being tested by road-pricing fans.B.has been used on European roads.C.need cars to be equipped with electronic tags.D.will be carried out in 2009.(3).The new detection technology has an identification r
37、ate of（分数：2.00）A.30%.B.over 99%.C.70%.D.over 95%.(4).Which of the following statements is true about TfL?（分数：2.00）A.It will re-let the contract to run the congestion charge.B.It conducts the trim of the new detection system.C.It is thinking of charging drivers once for an entire day“s travel.D.Its b
38、oss ever wanted to extend the congestion charge to other cities.(5).From the last paragraph, we can infer that（分数：2.00）A.Bob Kiley as TfL“s boss approved the new scheme.B.Mr. Kiley“s underlings confirmed his suggestion.C.London“s mayor disagrees Mr. Kiley“s idea.D.Ken Livingstone would feel shameful
39、 if he changed the scheme.A growing number of women are rising to the topand beginning to change the culture of the workplace. This should be a season of celebration. After all, by many measures, there“s never been a better time to be a woman. In places like Scandinavia and Britain, a third or more
40、of all corporate managers are now women. The number of female executive directors of FISE 100 companies nearly doubled from 2000 to 2004. Latin America has seen a 50 percent jump in the number of women politicians in the last decade. Japan voted 26 new female parliamentarians into office this year.
41、Of course, the jewel in the equal-opportunity crown was this fall“s election of Angela Merkelonce nicknamed “the Girl“ by Helmut Kohlto Germany“s highest office. But as always, statistics tell a multifaceted story. Sure, it“s no longer an anomaly to have a female CEObut there are still only 17 femal
42、e executive directors in the largest FTSE 100 companies. In the EU Parliament, only 23 out of 162 members are female. In Britain, studies show that women have never been more dissatisfied with the workplace. No wonder: the EU pay gap between men and women shrank only one point in the last couple of
43、years, to 17.5 percent. So where does all this leave us? With some big challenges that require more female leadership to solve. At some major companiesincluding Shell and British Telecomwomen are combating the old-boys“ club atmosphere by starting their own networks, linking top female leaders with
44、up-and-comers they can mentor. Labor flexibility is also on the agenda; in parts of Europe, top female legislators have fought to give employees with children or elderly parents the right to ask for adjustable hours. Perhaps most important, there is an increasingly vibrant debate around work-life ba
45、lance. Study after study shows that it is a working woman“s second full-time jobas caregiverthat makes it most difficult for her to stay on the career ladder. While extra benefits and longer maternity, leave can help, they aren“t a complete solution. Clearly, some out-of-the-box thinking is required
46、. And that“s where women come in. In countries like Cameroon, Bolivia and Malaysia, greater numbers of women in public office have resulted in less spending on the military and more on health, education and infrastructure. Norway“s woman-heavy Parliament recently passed a law mandating that 40 perce
47、nt of directors on corporate boards be women. And in Germany, the archetypal outsidera woman who grew up on the wrong side of the Iron Curtainwill likely take the helm in a country with virtually no other women in top positions of power. No longer “the Girl“ but poised to become the chancellor, Merk
48、el is a symbol of how far women have comeand the work that remains to be done.（分数：10.00）(1).According to paragraph two, what is the most important issue of women“s achievement in politics?（分数：2.00）A.In Scandinavia and Britain, women account for more than 30% of corporate managers.B.Between 2000 and 2004, women executive directors in FTSE firms almost doubled.C.The election of Angela Merkel as one of the highest officials in Germany:D.Japan has a new group of 26 women in the parliament.(2).We can learn from the third paragraph th
