1、考研英语-试卷 143及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Humans have altered the world“s climate by (1)_ heat-trapping gases since almost the b
2、eginning of civilization and even prevented the start of an ice age several thousand years ago, a scientist said. Most scientists (2)_ a rise (3)_ global temperatures over the past century (4)_ to emissions of carbon dioxide (5)_ human activities like driving cars and operating factories. Dr. Willia
3、m Ruddiman, a professor at the University of Virginia, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (6)_ humans“ effect (7)_ climate went back nearly 10, 000 years (8)_ people gave up hunting and gathering and began farming. In a commentary accompanying the article, Dr. Thomas J. Crowley of D
4、uke University, said he (9)_ Dr. Ruddiman“s premise at first. “But when I started reading, Dr. Crowley wrote, “I could not help but (10)_ whether he just might be (11)_ something.“ The climate of the last 10,000 years has been unusually stable, (12)_ civilization to flourish. But that is only becaus
5、e people chopped down swaths of forest in Europe, China and India for croplands and pastures. Carbon dioxide (13)_ by the destruction of the forests, plus methane, another heat-trapping gas, (14)_ by irrigated rice fields in Southeast Asia, trapped enough heat to (15)_ an expected natural cooling. L
6、evels of carbon dioxide and methane rise and fall in natural cycles (16)_ thousands of years, and both reached a peak at the end of the last ice age 11;000 years ago. Both then declined (17)_ expected. Both (18)_ declining through the present day, leading to lower temperatures, and a new ice age sho
7、uld have begun 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, Dr. Ruddiman said. Instead, levels of carbon dioxide reversed 8,000 wears ago. The decline (19)_ methane levels reversed 5,000 years ago, (20)_ with the advent of irrigation rice farming.（分数：40.00）A.generatingB.generatedC.originatingD.originatedA.applyB.attri
8、buteC.attendD.assignA.onB.atC.inD.toA.in partB.in segmentC.in proportionD.in relationA.inB.forC.byD.asA.thatB.whichC.whereD.whenA.fromB.toC.atD.onA.toB.since whenC.as whenD.to whenA.was delighted withB.was taken aback byC.took toD.agreed toA.to wonderingB.to be wonderingC.wonderD.wonderingA.on toB.o
9、nC.forD.againstA.grantingB.permittingC.prohibitingD.allowingA.releasedB.was releasedC.has been releasedD.had been releasedA.producedB.was producedC.producingD.had beenA.aggravateB.intensifyC.offsetD.provokeA.lastingB.lastedC.lastD.have lastedA.toB.forC.asD.sinceA.have beenB.would have beenC.could ha
10、ve beenD.should haveA.forB.inC.aboutD.onA.coincidedB.coincidingC.togetherD.contrary二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._More than two centuries after
11、 Benjamin Franklin used one to study lightning, a team of atmospheric scientists has found that kites are a potent research tool for studying air conditions at high altitudes. Ben Balsley and John Briks at the University of Colorado have developed a kite and instrument package to sample the atmosphe
12、re up to 3.5 kilometers high, for up to two days at a time. The kite is cheaper and more flexible than balloons and aircraft, the traditional vehicles for atmospheric research. Within two years the team expects to fly kites up to 10 kilometers high, and Briks hopes to use these to measure carbon dio
13、xide and methane emissions over the Brazilian rainforest and the transport of air pollutants over the Atlantic Ocean. The kite is a 15-square-meter Para foil made of Mylar, which “is not only strong, but unlike nylon, Joes not absorb water. The kite “string“ is made of Kevlar, famous for its use in
14、bullet-proof vests, which is so strong that 6 kilometers of it weighs just 18 kilograms, yet can withstand a loading of 430 kilograms. The most innovative component of the system is the TRAM, or Tethered Rover for Atmospheric Measurements, which can move the sampling instruments “up and down the tet
15、her while the kite maintains a constant altitude. “Our instruments measure such things as temperature, pressure, humidity, and concentrations of ozone and other air pollutants,“ Beasley explains. “We need to get continuous measurements, over the course of days, from various altitudes. Conventional f
16、ree balloon methods can sample such parameters, but they cannot stay in any one position, and are limited to altitudes of two kilometers. Aircraft can sample at any altitude, but they are very expensive to operate, and cannot remain in one position for more than four hours.“ The TRAM, which is actua
17、lly a kite-like aerofoil connected by small wheels to the kite“s tether, can be operated from the ground. It will move up and down the tether, or maintain a given altitude while the instruments sample the air. “An important cost of balloon sampling is the instrument package, which typically costs ab
18、out $1000, and is always lost.“ Basely says “Now we can use the instruments on the TRAM, and not only get more data, but reuse it again and again,“ The TRAM with its instruments, including the radiotelemetry link to the scientists on the ground, weighs 6 kilograms, including batteries that can power
19、 it for two days. Basely and his colleagues are continuing to improve the kite and TRMA, and expand its capacities, but Basely notes that it does have its limitations: “The kite can only lift about 10 kilograms, and this means the equipment“s power requirements must be low, too. We need locations wi
20、th steady, relatively strong winds, and must also avoid air traffic.“（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Kites have been found to be a useful tool in research on air conditionsB.Balloons and aircraft are traditio
21、nal tools in research on air conditionsC.The kites can now fly up to 10 kilometers highD.The kites are expected to fly higher and do more researches in the near future(2).Mylar in line 1 of the third paragraph is _.（分数：2.00）A.a kind of kiteB.a kind of man-made materialC.the name of a kite factoryD.t
22、he name of a person(3).What does the word “which“ in line 3 of the third paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Bullet-proof vestsB.kite“ string“C.The kiteD.Kevlar(4).Which of the following advantages doesn“t the TRAM have?（分数：2.00）A.The TRAM can help maintain continuous measurementsB.The instruments on the
23、TRAM can be used for many timesC.The TRAM weighs only 18 kilogramsD.The TRAM can be operated from the ground(5).The kite is limited by the following conditions EXCEPT for_.（分数：2.00）A.the strength of the windB.air traffic conditionsC.the power requirements of the equipmentD.the movability of the TRAM
24、The right to a trial by jury is a fundamental part of the United States legal system. It is a right firmly rooted in our democratic tradition. The jury system provides a buffer between the complex and often inflexible legal system and the average citizen on trial. The right to be judged by a jury is
25、 a right that most Americans feel very strongly about. However, due to recent jury decisions, some critics are questioning the value of this institution. Our jury system is by no means flawless. It is subject to constant scrutiny and debate concerning its merit and its downfalls. As is true in all i
26、nstitutions, juries are capable of making mistakes. Psychological studies have been done on many aspects of jury behavior. Political scientists are also intrigued by juries and the manner in which they arrive at important decisions. Although most Americans believe in the jury system, there has been
27、considerable controversy surrounding it lately. The public has become even more concerned about this institution recently. The outcomes of the Rodney King, the O.J. Simpson, and the Menendez brothers trials in Los Angeles and the dissatisfaction that followed the jury“s decisions are three examples
28、of instances when the effectiveness of the jury system has come under fierce attack. From the public reaction to these decisions and others like them, it is very clear that the way in which juries reach their decisions is often as important to the American people as it is to the specific person on t
29、rial. Many people feel that the average jurist is not equipped to make the kinds of decisions they are faced with. These critics“ suggestions range from restructuring the system up to tally eliminating it. Most average Americans, I believe, feel that the right to a jury trial is a fundamental one, a
30、nd its guarantees should be honored. These people would argue that laws are inflexible. They cannot deal with the individual circumstances in each case, but juries can take these into account. Still others believe that juries are favorable because they reflect the morals and values of the community
31、they come from. Indeed, many proponents of the jury support the system because of a particular kind of jury bias, the tendency for jurors, to place justice above the law. Opponents of the system argue that juries are uneducated in legal procedures and should not be given the type of responsibility t
32、hey have traditionally had. These people also argue that juries are biased. In fact, the psychological literature provides many examples of this bias. Jurors are less likely to punish a sad or distressed defendant, as opposed to a joyful one, apparently because the defendant is already being punishe
33、d emotionally. Some opponents say that although juries are instructed not to pay attention to the media, they are more easily influenced by the news than judges. Critics of the jury system also point out that juries are expensive and are often unable to reach an agreement. They argue that the decisi
34、on making should be left up to the people who know the law, judges and lawyers. In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness. These people suggest that juries receive instructi
35、on prior to hearing testimony. They argue that this would improve the system by providing some working legal knowledge for the jury as well as giving them an idea of what they are to listen for. Research has shown that exposing jurors to the laws involved in their decision making resulted in signifi
36、cantly fewer verdicts of guilty. This finding suggests that lawyers and judges should have the responsibility of insuring that the jury is adequately informed of the legal issues at hand and the laws available to handle those issues. On the whole, though, I feel that the American guarantee of trial
37、by jury is a valuable one. I do feel, however, that in order to improve its utility, judges and lawyers need to accept the responsibility for educating the jury on relevant legal issues.（分数：10.00）(1).Some critics are questioning the value of the jury system probably because_.（分数：2.00）A.the jury syst
38、em is unnecessarily complex and rigidB.recent jury decisions are made against the democratic traditionC.there is constant debate about its merit and its downfallsD.Some juries.have made mistakes recently(2).Opponents of the jury system accuse jurors of_.（分数：2.00）A.placing justice above the lawB.know
39、ing nothing about the psychology of the accusedC.not having enough knowledge of the lawD.failing to consider individual circumstances of each crime(3).To which of the arguments does the author agree? _.（分数：2.00）A.The jury system is flawed beyond remedyB.Some improvements should be made on the jury s
40、ystemC.The jury system should be kept as it isD.The jury should be composed of judges and lawyers(4).It can be inferred from the fifth paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.the author is against the jury systemB.the jury is seldom adequately informed about the ease he is hearingC.better educated people should
41、be selected for the juryD.enough legal knowledge helps jurors make fairer decisions(5).The author“s attitude towards the jury system is_.（分数：2.00）A.neutralB.biasedC.negativeD.positiveDarwin is basically right, though only to some extent that species and individuals compete, fight, kill and survival
42、belongs to the fittest. This is one of the most important mechanisms by which life evolves and maintains its quality. As the human society builds upon and is an extension of the ecosystem, does it mean that for the human society to work well, man must apply this mechanism to her/his society also; sa
43、y, let those who are not skillful enough to land a job starve to death? We may be enlightened with respect to this question through the examination of evolution in an ecosystem in comparison to the human history. Taking the maritime swamp land as an example, the mangrove species Kandelia candle comp
44、etes successfully over other mangrove species and dominate the area chiefly through the evolution of droppers that other species do not have. The seeds of Kandelia candle grow into seedlings inside the droppers before leaving their mother plant body and when the droppers still hang on the branches o
45、f their mother plant. The dropper“s shape is like a pen, with a sharp and heavier lower end. So when it ripens, it drops and inserts itself together with the seedling into the mud below as a result, and the seedling can get hold of the ground, start to tap the much fresher water under the mud surfac
46、e. This adaptive evolution of droppers enables Kandelia candle to have a much greater successful rate. Seeds of other mangrove species just find it difficult to locate a suitable site for them to grow. When it is the industrial society that dominates a place, it always exploits resources from the la
47、nd, drains out nutrients from the soil and plays environmental havoc to the place as a result of stupid human intelligence and selfish human manipulation. But when the mangrove dominates a mudflat, millions of Nature evolved complex mechanisms come together with it. It taps water, minerals from the
48、mud and then let them to combine with carbon dioxide in the air to form the building materials of its plant body first through the process of photosynthesis and then through the synthesis of various organic matters. The effect ends up providing much better and more diverse living environment for more land, water and air species to dwell in, even for other competing mangrove species. When different races of man compete to dominate the earth, the end result is completely opposite in sense. One of the means they evo
