1、考研英语-试卷 133及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention o
2、f primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, al though nobody knows exactly when acquired the use of (1)_. The (2)_ of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve (3)_ signals, (4)_ even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce word
3、s (5)_ with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently (6)_ for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he (7)_ the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day (8)_ he discovered that speed could
4、 be used for narrative. There are those who think that (9)_ picture language preceded oral language. A man (10)_ a picture on the wall of his cave to show (11)_ direction he had gone, or (12)_ prey he hoped to catch. Probably-picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined t
5、o think that language (13)_ the most important single factor in the development of man. Two important stages came not (14)_ before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was (15)_ in human progress to which subsequently there
6、was nothing comparable (16)_ our own machine age. Agriculture made possible (17)_ immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. (18)_ were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil (19)_ each harvest. Agriculture met with
7、 violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end (20)_ the physical comforts it provided.（分数：40.00）A.the latterB.the laterC.the secondD.the latestA.sourceB.beginningC.startD.originA.likeB.withC.asD.byA.andB.butC.moreoverD.forA.even ifB.evenC.even th
8、oughD.even asA.a necessityB.necessitiesC.necessarilyD.necessityA.should gradually increaseB.gradually increaseC.gradually increasedD.has gradually increasedA.thatB.at whichC.whichD.whenA.with the respectB.on this respectC.in this respectD.at this respectA.could drawB.should drawC.was able drawD.was
9、drawingA.at whichB.in whichC.on whichD.with whichA.of whichB.thatC.whichD.whatA.isB.wasC.has beenD.is beingA.too longB.such longC.as longD.so longA.a stageB.a stepC.a developmentD.a wayA.untilB.withC.forD.toA.theB.anC.thatD.oneA.ThoseB.TheseC.ThereD.TheyA.afterB.withC.beforeD.atA.sinceB.forC.because
10、D.because of二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving enters into the story of modem sculpture in t
11、he United States. Direct carvingin which the sculptors themselves carve stone or wood with mallet and chiseljust be recognized as something more than just a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which scul
12、ptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example, sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject matter. The technique of direct, carving was a break with the nineteenth-century
13、tradition in which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble. Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily conceding that the assistants th
14、ey employed were far better than they were at carving the finished marble. With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figure and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interacti
15、on with the medium. Even as early as the 1880“s and 1890“s, nonconformist European artists were attempting direct carving. By the second decade of the twentieth century, AmericansLaurent and Zorach most notablyhad adopted it as their primary means of working. Born in France, Robert Laurent (1890-197
16、0) was a prodigy who received his education in the United States. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered primitive art, and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker. Back in New York
17、City by 1910, Laurent began carving pieces such as The Priestess, which reveals his fascination with African, pre-Columbian, and South Pacifican. Taking a walnut plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design. It is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in American sculpture. Th
18、e plank“s form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must have appealed to Laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that required a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.（分数：10.00）(1).What is one of the fundamental principles of direc
19、t carving?（分数：2.00）A.A sculptor must work with talented assistants.B.The subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories.C.The material is an important element in a sculpture.D.Designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it.(2).How does direct carving differ from t
20、he nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture?（分数：2.00）A.Sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece.B.Sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources.C.Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools.D.Sculptors receive more formal training.(3).Where did Rober
21、t Laurent learn to carve?（分数：2.00）A.New York.B.Africa.C.The South Pacific.D.Paris.(4).The phrase “a break with“ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _.（分数：2.00）A.a destruction ofB.a departure fromC.a collapse ofD.a solution to(5).The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following char
22、acteristics EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.the design is stylizedB.it is made of marbleC.the carving is not deepD.it depicts the front of a personIt is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into wh
23、ich the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simo
24、n, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Enedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the social, legal, and economic subordination of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole fem
25、ale sex.into pubic industry.“ Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization“s effects, but they agreed that it would transform women“s lives. Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power.
26、 They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women“s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women“s work. The employment of young wom
27、en in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning manager,
28、from administrative work that in the 1880“s created a new class of “deadened“ jobs, hence forth considered “women“s work“. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure tim
29、e for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. Women“s work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household
30、to the office or the factory, and later be coming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group of job
31、s that require relatively, low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women“s household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects
32、on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The effects of the mechanization of women“s work have not bo
33、rne out the frequently held assumption that new technology is inherently revolutionary.B.Recent studies have shown that mechanization revolutionizes a society“s traditional values and the customary roles of its members.C.Mechanization has caused the nature of women“s work to change since the Industr
34、ial Revolution.D.The mechanization of work creates whole new classes of jobs that did not previously exist.(2).It can be inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of women“s work?（分数：2.00）A.Statis
35、tics showing that the majority ok women now occupy white-collar positions.B.Interviews with married men indicating that they are now doing some household tasks.C.Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men fou
36、r to one.D.Census results showing that working women“s wages and salaries are, on the average, as high as those of working men.(3).The passage states that, before the twentieth century, which of the following was true of many employers?（分数：2.00）A.They did not employ women in factories.B.They tended
37、to employ single rather than married women.C.They employed women only in those jobs that were related to women“s traditional household work.D.They resulted technological innovations that would radically change women“s roles in the family.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that the author most p
38、robably believes which of the following to be true concerning those historians who study the history of women?（分数：2.00）A.Their work provides insights important to those examining social phenomena affecting the lives of both sexes.B.Their work can only be used cautiously by scholars in other discipli
39、nes.C.Because they concentrate only on the role of women in the work-place they draw more reliable conclusions than the other historians.D.Their work has not had an impact on most historians“ current assumptions concerning the revolutionary effect of technology in the work-place.(5).Which of the fol
40、lowing best describes the function of the concluding sentence of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.It sums up the general points concerning the mechanization of work made in the passage as a whole.B.It draws a conclusion concerning the effects of the mechanization of work which goes beyond the evidence present
41、ed in the passage as a whole.C.It restates the point concerning technology made in the sentence immediately preceding it.D.It qualifies the author“s agreement with scholars who argue for a major revision in the assessment of the impact of mechanization on society.One of the oldest seafaring ships in
42、 the world has been reconstructed after seven years“ patient archaeological work. The ship, a 60-foot sailing vessel, sank off the coast of Cyprus in the days of Alexander the Great around the year 300 B.C. Its discovery and restoration have now thrown new light on the ancient trade routes and shipb
43、uilding techniques. What makes the Cyprus ship so informative is the remarkable state of preservationmainly due to an unusual feature of its design. The hull was sheathed on the outside with lead that was fixed to the timber with bronze tacks which helped the wooden frame survive 2000 years under th
44、e sea. The first clue to the wreck“s existence came in 1964 when a sponge diver from the present-day resort of Kyrenia came across a pole of amphorae(ancient storage jugs). Unfortunately his diving air supply ran out just at that moment, so that he had no time to mark the spot. It took him three yea
45、rs and hundreds of dives before he chanced upon them again. He reported his find to an underwater archaeological team from the University of Pennsylvania which was surveying the Cypriot coasts for wrecks. After checking his description, the team decided to concentrate their resources on the Kyrenia
46、ship, and over the next two years a team of no fewer that 50 archaeologists and divers took part in the excavation. With the help of a metal detector, the team discovered that wreckage lay scattered over a 2000-square-foot area, often buried beneath sand and sea-weed. Each item was carefully photogr
47、aphed in its place, and a system of plastic grids stretched over the whole site so that it could be accurately mapped. More than 400 amphorae lay buried in the sand. The ship had been carrying a cargo of wine and almonds. More than 9000 of these were found in or nearby the amphorae, their outer shel
48、ls still perfectly preserved. As well as these, there were 29 stone grain mills, being carried both as cargo and as ballast. These were carefully stored in three rows parallel to the axis of the keel. As well as the main cargo, there were other small finds. Four wooden spoons, four oil jugs, four salt dishes and four drinking cups suggested the number of crew on the ship s last voyage. There was an axe, and near the intricately carved mast lay a wooden pulley, used to raise and lower the yard. A bronze cauldron, used perhaps to prep
