1、考研英语-试卷 131及答案解析(总分：146.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_In order to understand, however imperfectly, what is meant by “face“, we must take【1】o
2、f the fact that, as a race, the Chinese have a strongly【2】instinct. The theatre may almost be said to be the only national amusement, and the Chinese have for theatricals a【3】like that of the Englishman【4】athletics, or the Spaniard for bull-fights. Upon very slight provocation, any Chinese regards h
3、imself in the【5】of an actor in a drama. He throws himself into theatrical attitudes, performs the salaam, falls upon his knees, prostrates himself and strikes his head upon the earth,【6】circumstances which to an Occidental seem to make such actions superfluous,【7】to say ridiculous. A Chinese thinks
4、in theatrical terms. When roused in self-defense he addresses two or three persons as if they were a multitude. He exclaims: “I say this in the presence of You, and You, and You, who are all here present. “ If his troubles are adjusted he【8】of himself as having “got off the stage“ with credit, and i
5、f they are not adjusted he finds no way to “retire from the stage“. All this,【9】it clearly understood, has nothing to do with realities. The question is never of facts, but always of【10】. If a fine speech has been【11】at the proper time and in the proper way, the requirement of the play is met. We ar
6、e not to go behind the scenes, for that would【12】all the plays in the world. Properly to execute acts like these in all the complex relations of life, is to have “face“. To fail them, to ignore them, to be thwarted in the performance of them, this is to “【13】face“. Once rightly apprehended, “face“ w
7、ill be found to be in itself a【14】to the combination lock of many of the most important characteristics of the Chinese. It should be added that the principles which regulate “face“ and its attainment are often wholly【15】the intellectual apprehension of the Occidental, who is constantly forgetting th
8、e theatrical element, and wandering【16】into the irrelevant regions of fact. To him it often seems that Chinese “face“ is not unlike the South Sea Island taboo, a force of undeniable potency, but capricious, and not reducible to rule, deserving only to be abolished and replaced by common sense. At th
9、is point Chinese and Occidentals must agree to【17】, for they can never be brought to view the same things in the same light. In the adjustment of the incessant quarrels which distract every hamlet, it is necessary for the “peace-talkers“ to take a careful account of the【18】of “face“ as European stat
10、esmen once did of the balance of power. The object in such cases is not the execution of even-handed justice, which, even if theoretically desirable, seldom【19】to an Oriental as a possibility, but such an arrangement as will distribute to all concerned “face“ in due proportions. The same principle o
11、ften applies in the settlement of lawsuits, a very large percentage of which end in what may be called a【20】game.（分数：40.00）A.accountB.holdC.shapeD.careA.ego-centricB.dramaticC.thriftyD.diligentA.passionB.hatredC.nonchalanceD.perceptionA.onB.atC.forD.overA.presenceB.performanceC.linesD.lightA.withB.u
12、nderC.out ofD.forA.notB.orC.muchD.evenA.speaksB.arguesC.communicatesD.jokesA.beB.isC.wasD.wereA.mistakesB.storiesC.formD.structureA.listened toB.deliveredC.calledD.watchedA.enhanceB.misunderstandC.spoilD.retellA.gainB.winC.competeD.loseA.keyB.questC.reflectionD.silhouetteA.withinB.followingC.beyondD
13、.includedA.upB.offC.downD.outA.disagreeB.compromiseC.settleD.surrenderA.significanceB.meaningC.essenceD.balanceA.happensB.meansC.relatesD.occursA.fairB.goodC.drawnD.love二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer
14、 the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._The willingness of doctors at several major medical centers to apologize .to patients for harmful errors is a promising step toward improving the rather disappointing quality of a medical system that kills tens of thousands of innocent patient
15、s a year inadvertently. For years, experts have lamented that medical malpractice litigation is an inefficient way to deter lethal or damaging medical errors. What they noticed, simply put it, is that most victims of malpractice never sue, and there is some evidence that many patients who do sue wer
16、e not harmed by a physician“s error but instead suffered an adverse medical outcome that could not have been prevented. The details of what went wrong are often kept secret as part of a settlement agreement. What is needed, many specialists agree, is a system that quickly brings an error to light so
17、 that further errors can be headed off and that compensates victims promptly and fairly. Many doctors, unfortunately, have been afraid that admitting and describing their errors would only invite a costly lawsuit. Now, as described by Kevin Sack in The Times, a handful of prominent academic medical
18、centers have adopted a new policy of promptly disclosing errors, offering earnest apologies and providing fair compensation. It appears to satisfy many patients, reduce legal costs and the litigation burden and, in some instances, helps reduce malpractice premiums. Here are some examples from colleg
19、es of the United States: at the University of Illinois, of 37 cases where the hospital acknowledged a preventable error and apologized, only one patient filed suit; at the University of Michigan Health System, existing claims and lawsuits dropped from 262 in August 2001 to 83 in August 2007, and leg
20、al costs fell by two-thirds. To encourage greater candor, more than 30 states have enacted laws making apologies for medical errors inadmissible in court. That sounds like a sensible step that should be adopted by other states or become federal law. Such laws could help bring more errors to light. P
21、atients who have been harmed by negligent doctors can still sue for malpractice, using other evidence to make their case. Admitting errors is only the first step toward reforming the health care system so that far fewer mistakes are made. But reforms can be more effective if doctors are candid about
22、 how they went astray. Patients seem far less angry when they receive an. honest explanation, an apology and prompt, fair compensation for the harm they have suffered.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors“ confession of mistakes and apo
23、logies help to better medical care.B.Experts believe it an inefficient way for patients to sue for their livery.C.Mistreated patients never sue once suffer an unpreventable adverse medical outcome.D.The details of patients“ conditions are often kept secret.(2).While many specialties call for a discl
24、osure mechanism, some physicians are worrying about_.（分数：2.00）A.exposure to the mediaB.describing their mistakes in detailsC.compensating victims promptly and fairlyD.involvement in an expensive civil case(3).According to Paragraph 5, laws are enacted in more than 30 states _.（分数：2.00）A.to be adopte
25、d by other statesB.to become federal lawC.to make apologies for medical misconductsD.to spark medical practitioners to confess more(4).From the last paragraph, we can infer that Doctors should describe the way they made mistakes in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.admit malpractices firstB.make less medical mis
26、takesC.avoid lawsuitsD.be forgiven(5).The author“s attitude towards doctors“ hearty apologies may be summarized as_.（分数：2.00）A.skepticalB.indifferentC.supportiveD.intolerableSenator Barack Obama likes to joke that the battle for the Democratic presidential nomination has been going on so long, babie
27、s have been born, and they“ re already walking and talking. That“s nothing. The battle between the sciences and the humanities has been going on for so long, its early participants have stopped walking and talking, because they“re already dead. It“s been some 50 years since the physicist-turned-nove
28、list C. P. Snow delivered his famous “Two Cultures“ lecture at the University of Cambridge, in which he decried the “gulf of mutual incomprehension“, the “hostility and dislike“ that divided the world“s “natural scientists“, its chemists, engineers, physicists and biologists, from its “literary inte
29、llectuals“, a group that, by Snow“s reckoning, included pretty much everyone who wasn“t a scientist. His critique set off a frenzy of desperation that continues to this day, particularly“in the United States, as educators, policymakers and other observers lament the Balkanization of knowledge, the s
30、cientific illiteracy of the general public and the chronic academic turf wars that are all too easily lampooned. Yet a few scholars believe that the cultural chasm can be bridged and the sciences and the humanities united into a powerful new discipline that would apply the strengths of both mindsets
31、, the quantitative and qualitative, to a wide array of problems. Among the most ambitious of these exercises in fusion thinking is a program under development at Binghamton University in New York called the New Humanities Initiative. Jointly conceived by David Sloan Wilson, a professor of biology, a
32、nd Leslie Heywood, a professor of English, the program is intended to build on some of the themes explored in Dr. Wilson“s evolutionary studies program, which has proved enormously popular with science and nonscience majors alike, and which he describes in the recently published “Evolution for Every
33、one“. In Dr. Wilson“s view, evolutionary biology is a discipline that, to be done right, demands a crossover approach, the capacity to think in narrative and abstract terms simultaneously, so why not use it as a template for emulsifying the two cultures generally? “There are more similarities than d
34、ifferences between the humanities and the sciences, and some of the stereotypes have to be altered,“ Dr. Wilson said, “Darwin, for example, established his entire evolutionary theory on the basis of his observations of natural history, and most of that information was qualitative, not quantitative.
35、“ As he and Dr. Heywood envision the program, courses under the New Humanities rubric would be offered campus-wide, in any number of departments, including history, literature, philosophy, sociology, law and business. The students would be introduced to basic scientific tools like statistics and exp
36、erimental design and to liberal arts staples like the importance of analyzing specific texts or documents closely, identifying their animating ideas and comparing them with the texts of other immortal minds.（分数：10.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by_.（分数：2.00）A.posing
37、 a contrastB.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparisonD.explaining a phenomenon(2).The word “balkanization“ (Line 7, Paragraph 2) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.ignoranceB.splitC.mistakeD.declination(3).According to Paragraph 3, New Humanities Initiative is a program that_.（分数：2.00）A.is ambitio
38、us enough to create new disciplineB.will gain popularity for Binghamton UniversityC.can bridge the gap between sciences and humanD.is a combination of sciences and arts(4).By citing the example of Darwin, Dr. Wilson intends to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.qualitative information is more valuable than quant
39、itative observationsB.it is preferable to take the mutual advantage of science and humanitiesC.science has more similarities rather than differences than humanitiesD.scientists should base their theory on qualitative information(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00
40、）A.Curriculum Designed to Unite Art and ScienceB.A Better Scholar who Abandoned Physics for NovelC.A Disastrous War between Science and HumanitiesD.Dr. Wilson“s Contribution to the American EducationDemocrats on the Senate Judiciary Committee vented their fury over high gasoline prices at executives
41、 of the nation“s five largest oil companies on Wednesday, grilling the oilmen over their multimillion-dollar pay packages and warning them that Congress was intent on taking action that could include a new tax on so-called windfall profits. Such showdowns between lawmakers and oil titans have become
42、 a familiar routine on Capitol Hill. But with gas prices nearing $ 4 a gallon, and lawmakers headed home for a weeklong Memorial Day recess where they expect to get an earful from angry constituents, there is added urgency for Congress to appear active. But while momentum is building for several mea
43、sures, including a bill that would allow the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries to be sued in American courts under antitrust laws, there is little sign that any of the proposals would do much, if anything, to lower prices quickly. And the oil executives warned that government interve
44、ntion might only make things worse. Instead, they called on Congress to allow more drilling and exploration for domestic oil. The increasing urgency to seem aggressive about gasoline prices was apparent on Tuesday when the House voted by an overwhelming 324 to 84 to approve the bill, commonly referr
45、ed to as NOPEC, which classifies OPEC as a monopoly in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Senate Democrats have included that measure as part of a package of legislation intended to address the high price of gasoline, along with the tax on windfall profits and a measure to tamp down speculation
46、 in the oil futures market that many lawmakers think is contributing to the run-up in prices. At the Judiciary Committee hearing, Democratic senators struggled to have the executives explain how oil prices had risen so high. The senators expressed doubt that basic laws of supply and demand were at w
47、ork and suggested instead a more sinister combination of monopolistic behavior by oil-producing countries, speculation in the futures markets and sheer corporate greed. On Monday, President Bush signed a bill temporarily suspending the purchase of crude oil for the nation“s Strategic Petroleum Reser
48、ve. Mr. Bush had initially opposed such action but relented after the House and Senate approved the bill by wide margins. Senator Richard J. Durbin, Democrat of Illinois and a strong supporter of Senator Baraek Obama“s presidential bid, made a particularly pointed attack, in which he seemed to warn the oil executives that they would soon no longer have such a good friend in the White House. He also suggested that Mr. Bush should be doing more to press the oil companies to help lower prices at the pump, while acknowledging that it would be difficult to pass a windfall profits tax while M
