1、考研英语-试卷 12 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_William Appleton, author of a recent book entitled Fathers and Daughters, believes tha
2、t it is a woman“s relationship with her father (1)_ decides how successful she will be in her (2)_ life. According to Appleton there are three important steps a girl must (3)_ in her relationship with Daddy. The (4)_ is the “little girl“ stage in which the daughter loves and idolizes her father (5)_
3、 he were a god or hero without (6)_ And her father loves his daughter (7)_ blindly, seeing her as an “oasis of smiles“ in a hard, cold world. Then comes the second stage. It starts during adolescence and (8)_ for many years. Here, the little girl begins to rebel against Daddy and (9)_ his authority.
4、 He reacts with anger and (10)_ And the final stage comes (11)_ a woman reaches the age of about thirty. At this time, the daughter sees her father not-as a hero (12)_ as a fool, but learns to accept him (13)_ he is, for better or worse. And Daddy forgives her, too, for not being the (14)_ little gi
5、rl he had once hoped for. But not all daughters go through all three stages, and it is here that the key to a woman“s career (15)_. Those girls who never get past the first “oasis of smiles“ stage, (16)_ all their lives seek out their fathers“ love and approval, will never (17)_ in the business worl
6、d. They will remain at the secretarial (18)_ all their lives. It is only those women who get to the final stage, those who (19)_ and accept Daddy“s faults, who can even hope to be (20)_ enough and independent enough to become a candidate for top-management.（分数：40.00）A.whoB.whichC.thatD.itA.lateB.lat
7、erC.earlyD.earlierA.get throughB.get away fromC.get overD.get rid ofA.initialB.primaryC.firstD.earlyA.seemingB.looking likeC.asD.as ifA.errorsB.blundersC.mistakesD.faultsA.just asB.the sameC.as wellD.so muchA.prolongsB.lastsC.persistsD.lingersA.looks downB.sees throughC.neglectsD.challengesA.envyB.h
8、atredC.disappointmentD.affectionA.thatB.whichC.ifD.whenA.forB.norC.as wellD.andA.for whatB.for whoC.for whomD.for whoeverA.prettiestB.belovedC.perfectD.fascinatingA.existsB.liesC.laysD.holdsA.whoB.theyC.thatD.whichA.make outB.make itC.rise aboveD.promoteA.jobB.postC.positionD.levelA.rejectB.forgiveC
9、.put up withD.neglectA.matureB.experiencedC.kind-heartedD.capable二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._As a medium of exchange, money permits the sepa
10、ration of exchange into the two distinct acts of buying and selling, without requiring the seller to purchase goods from the person who buys his products, or vice versa. Hence producers who know they will be paid in money, can concentrate on finding the most suitable outlet for their goods, while bu
11、yers who will pay in money, can concentrate on finding the cheapest market for the things they wish to purchase. specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is not a complete product but only a part of one in which many others are involved can be
12、 paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product. Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of valuethat is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy it would be necessary to determine how many plates were
13、worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one
14、 another, and according to the two parties“ desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or is not keen on fish. Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to imagine saving und
15、er a barter system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly,
16、either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on end would involve obvious disadvantagesimagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could n
17、ot be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.（分数：10.00）(1).Using money as a medium of exchange means that_（分数：2.00）A.you have to sell something in order to buy somethingB.you have to buy something in order to sell so
18、methingC.you don“t have to buy something in order to sell somethingD.the seller and the purchaser are the same person(2).Specialization is encouraged because_（分数：2.00）A.people can use their money to buy whatever they wantB.people do not need to make a complete product for exchangeC.people make a gre
19、at contribution to the manufacture of a productD.people cannot use their money to buy whatever they want(3).A barter economy is one in which_（分数：2.00）A.value is decided by weightB.value is decided by numberC.money is used and goods are not exchangedD.goods are exchanged and money is not used(4).If o
20、ne had to save products instead of money,_（分数：2.00）A.this would need years of practiceB.coal, for example, would lose its valueC.they could not be stored for years on endD.many products would lose their value(5).How many advantages of money are mentioned in this passage?_（分数：2.00）A.TwoB.ThreeC.FourD
21、.FiveToday business cards are distributed by working people of all social classes, illustrating not only the uniquity of commercial interests but also the fluidity of the world of trade. Whether one is buttonholing potential clients for a carpentry service, announcing one“s latest academic appointme
22、nt, or “networking“ with fellow executives, it is permissible to advertise one“s talents and availability by an outstretched hand and the statement “Here“s my card.“ As Robert Louis Stevenson once observed, everybody makes his living by selling something. Business cards facilitate this endeavor. It
23、has not always been this way. The cards that we use today for commercial purposes are a vulgarization of the nineteenth-century social calling cards, an artifact with a quite different purpose. In the Gilded Age, possessing a calling card indicated not that you were interested in forming business re
24、lationships, but that your money was so old that you had no need to make a living. For the calling-card class, life was a continual round of social visits, and the protocol(礼遇) governing these visits was inextricably linked to the proper use of cards. Pick up any etiquette manual predating World War
25、 I, and you will find whole chapters devoted to such questions as whether a single gentleman may leave a card for a lady; when a lady must, and must not, turn down the edges of a card; and whether an unmarried girl of between fourteen and seventeen may carry more than six or less than thirteen cards
26、 in her purse in months beginning with a “J“. The calling card system was especially cherished by those who made no distinction between manners and mere form, and its preciousness was well defined by Mrs. John Sherwood. Her 1887 manual called the card “the field mark and device“ of civilization. The
27、 business version of the calling card came in around the mm of the century, when the formerly, well defined borders between the commercial and the personal realms were used widely, society mavens(内行) considered it unforgivable to fuse the two realms. Emily Post“s contemporary Lilian Eichler called i
28、t very poor taste to use business cards for social purposes, and as late as 1967 Amy Vanderbilt counseled that the merchant“s marker “may never double for social purposes“.（分数：10.00）(1).Business cards are usually used to_（分数：2.00）A.announce one“s latest academic appointmentB.establish business relat
29、ionshipsC.make a livingD.illustrate the fluidity of the world of trade(2).The statement which has not been mentioned in the passage is_（分数：2.00）A.business, cards are a vulgarization of the nineteenthcentury social calling cardB.The calling card system was especially cherished by these who made no di
30、stinction between manners and mere formC.most people thought it improper to use business cards for social purposesD.everyone makes his living by selling something(3).The sentence that “your money was so old“ in the second paragraph means_（分数：2.00）A.you have an old pound noteB.your money was uselessC
31、.you have a lot of moneyD.you inherited a fortune from your ancestors_(4).Business cards are likely to have appeared（分数：2.00）A.at the beginning of nineteenth centuryB.at the beginning of twentieth centuryC.before the nineteenth centuryD.after World War I(5).In the Gilded Age, people who possessed a
32、calling card_（分数：2.00）A.had to make their livingB.were interested in forming business relationshipsC.boasted of their wealthD.advertised their talents and availabilityAs everyone knows, words constantly take on new meanings. Since they do not necessarily, nor even usually, take the place of the old
33、ones, we should picture this process as the analogy of a tree throwing out new branches which themselves throw out subordinate branches. The new branches sometimes overshadow and kill the old one but by no means always. We shall again and again find the earliest senses of a word flourishing for cent
34、uries despite a vast overgrowth of later senses which might be expected to kill them. When a word has several meanings historical circumstances often make one of them dominant during a particular period. Thus “station“ is now more likely to mean a railway-station than anything else; “speculation“ mo
35、re likely to bear its financial sense than any other. Until this century “plane“ had as its dominant meaning “a flat surface“ or “a carpenter“s tool to make a surface smooth“, but the meaning “an aeroplane“ is dominant now. The dominant sense of a word lies uppermost in our minds. Whenever we meet t
36、he word, our natural impulse is to give it that sense. We are often deceived. In an old author the word may mean something different. One of my aims is to make the reading of old books easy as far as certain words are concerned. If we read an old poem with insufficient regard for the change of the d
37、ictionary meanings of words we won“t be able to understand the poem the old author intended. And to avoid this, knowledge is necessary. We see good words or good-senses of words losing their edge or more rarely getting a new edge that serves some different purposes. “Verbicide“, the murder of a word
38、, happens in many ways. Inflation is the commonest: those who taught us to say “awfully“ for “very “, “tremendous“ for “great“, and “unthinkable“ for “undesirable“ were verbicides. I should be glad if I sent any reader away with a sense of responsibility to the language. It is unnecessary to think w
39、e can do nothing about it. Our conversation will have little effect, but if we get into printperhaps especially if we are leader writers or reporterswe can help to strengthen or weaken some disastrous words, can encourage a good and resist a bad Americanism. For many things the press prints today wi
40、ll be taken up by a great mass of people in a few years.（分数：10.00）(1).The main idea of the first paragraph is_（分数：2.00）A.only old words take on new meaningsB.a tree throws out new branches as the words pick up hew meaningsC.words obtain new meanings from time to timeD.it is possible for the old word
41、s to lose their old senses(2).By mentioning the tree throwing out new branches, the author hopes to_（分数：2.00）A.stress the natural phenomenaB.picture the process of growth of new branchesC.explain what the analogy isD.illustrate his view in a clearer way(3).We are often cheated by some words in that_
42、（分数：2.00）A.their dominant meanings have not been determinedB.sometimes they mean something different from their dominant meaningsC.our natural impulse makes a mistakeD.the dominant sense of a word is not accurate in our minds(4).In the author“s view, if someone taught us to say “awfully“ for “very“_
43、（分数：2.00）A.we were advised not to accept itB.we were getting a new edge for a different purposeC.we saw an example of a good word being misusedD.we saw a word serving for a different purpose(5).The main idea of the last paragraph is that_（分数：2.00）A.we can do nothing about it unless we get into print
44、B.we should take responsibility to the language if necessaryC.our conversation has little effect on the situation because we haven“t got into printD.a great mass of people will accept what the press prints so that we can encourage the goodBoth the number and the percentage of people in the United St
45、ates involved in nonagricultural pursuit expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing and trade and distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the m
46、iddle of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods. In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain
47、elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation“s farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them. In manufacturing, the transformation was marked by the emergence of a “new factory system“ in which plants became larger, more
48、 complex, and more systematically organized and managed. And in distribution, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber(中间商), the wholesaler, and “the mass retailer(零售商). These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920. To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops in cit
