1、考研英语-试卷 112 及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore
2、, the choice of an【1】should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually,【2】, most people make several job choices during their working lives,【3】because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve【4】position. The “one perfect job“ does not exist. Young people
3、should【5】enter into a broad flexible training program that will【6】them for a field of work rather than for a single【7】. Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans【8】benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing【9】about the occupational world, or themse
4、lves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss【10】.Some drift from job to job. Others【11】to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for【12】real or imagined prestige. Too many high school students-or their paren
5、ts for them-choose the professional field,【13】both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal【14】. The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a “white collar“ job is【15】good reason for choosing it as life“s work.【16】, these occ
6、upations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the【17】of young people should give serious【18】to these fields. Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants【19】life and how hard he is willing to work
7、to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security, others are willing to take【20】for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards.（分数：40.00）A.identificationB.entertainmentC.accommodationD.occupationA.howeverB.theref
8、oreC.thoughD.therebyA.entirelyB.mainlyC.partlyD.generallyA.itsB.hisC.ourD.theirA.sinceB.thereforeC.furthermoreD.foreverA.makeB.fitC.takeD.leaveA.jobB.wayC.meansD.companyA.toB.forC.withoutD.withA.littleB.fewC.muchD.a lotA.chanceB.basisC.purposeD.opportunityA.applyB.appealC.stickD.turnA.ourB.itsC.your
9、D.theirA.concerningB.followingC.consideringD.disregardingA.preferenceB.requirementsC.tendenciesD.ambitionsA.aB.anyC.noD.theA.ThereforeB.HoweverC.NeverthelessD.MoreoverA.majorityB.massC.minorityD.multitudeA.proposalB.suggestionC.considerationD.appraisalA.towardsB.againstC.out ofD.withoutA.turnsB.part
10、sC.choicesD.risks二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Every living thing has an inner biological clock that controls behavior. The clock works all th
11、e time; even when there are no outside signs to mark the passing of time. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away. And it tells animals when to eat, sleep and wake. It controls body tem
12、perature, the release of some hormones and even dreams. These natural daily events are circadian rhythms. Man has known about them for thousands of years. But the first scientific observation of circadian rhythms was not made until 1729. In that year a French astronomer, Jean Jacques dOrtous de Mair
13、an, noted that one of his plants opened its leaves at the same time every morning, and closed them at the same time every night. The plant did this even when he kept it in a dark place all the time. Later scientists wondered about circadian rhythms in humans. They learned that mans biological clock
14、actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25 hours instead of the 24 hours on a man-made clock. About four years ago an American doctor, Eliot Weitzman, established a laboratory to study how our biological clock works. The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world. The
15、y are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. Dr. Weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorders caused by ageing and mental illness. The laboratory is in the Montefiore Hospital in New York City. It has two living areas wit
16、h three small rooms in each. The windows are covered, so no sunlight or moonlight comes in. There are no radios or television receivers. There is a control room between the living areas. It contains computers, one-way cameras and other electronic devices for observing the person in the living area.
17、A doctor or medical technician is on duty in the control room 24 hours a day during an experiment. They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches, so the person in the experiment has no idea what time it is. In the first four years of research, Dr. Weitzman and his ass
18、istant have observed 16 men between the ages of 21 and 80. The men remained in the laboratory for as long as six months. Last month, a science reporter for “The New York Times” newspaper, Dava Sobel, became the first woman to take part in the experiment. She entered the laboratory on June 13th and s
19、tayed for 25 days. Miss Sobel wrote reports about the experiment during that time, which were published in the newspaper.（分数：10.00）(1).We can conclude from the first paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.every creature has an inner biological clock.B.the biological clock works day and night.C.the biological cloc
20、k has circadian rhythms.D.the biological clock regulates behavior of creatures.(2).In his observation, the French astronomer noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening-and-closing cycles（分数：2.00）A.even when it was put in a murky place all day.B.even if it was placed in the moo
21、nlight.C.even when he was observing it from a dark place.D.even if it was kept in a dark place from time to time.(3).The sentence “They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.” (Line 2-3, Para. 4) probably means（分数：2.00）A.they can live by their biological clocks without referring
22、to man-made ones.B.they can listen to rhythms of biological clocks and live close to them.C.they can live their lives by regulating their own circadian rhythms.D.they are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life.(4).In the experiment conducted by Dr. Weitzman, the doctor on duty doesnt work t
23、he same time each day（分数：2.00）A.so as not to be recognized by the people.B.so as not to indicate the time to the people when starting work.C.so as to leave the rhythms of the people in disorder.D.so as to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different times.(5).The first woman who took par
24、t in the experiment（分数：2.00）A.was interviewed by “The New York Times”.B.remained in the laboratory till June 25th.C.published some articles on the experiment.D.found out how the biological clock works.In almost all cases the soft parts of fossils are gone for ever but they were fitted around or with
25、in the hard parts. Many of them also were attached to the hard parts and usually such attachments are visible as depressed or elevated areas, ridges or grooves, smooth or rough patches on the hard parts. The muscles most important for the activities of the animal and most evident in the appearance o
26、f the living animal are those attached to the hard parts and possible to reconstruct from their attachments. Much can be learned about a vanished brain from the inside of the skull in which it was lodged. Restoration of the external appearance of an extinct animal has little or no scientific value.
27、It does not even help in inferring what the activities of the living animal were, how fast it could run, what its food was, or such other conclusions as are important for the history of life. However, what most people want to know about extinct animals is what they looked like when they were alive.
28、Scientists also would like to know. Things like fossil shells present no great problem as a rule, because the hard parts are external when the animal is alive and the outer appearance is actually preserved in the fossils. Animals in which the skeleton is internal present great problems of restoratio
29、n, and honest restorers admit that they often have to use considerable guessing. The general shape and contours of the body are fixed by the skeleton and by muscles attached to the skeleton, but surface features, which may give the animal its really characteristic look, are seldom restorable with an
30、y real probability of accuracy. The present often helps to interpret the past. An extinct animal presumably looked more or less like its living relatives, if it has any. This, however, may be quite equivocal. For example, extinct members of the horse family are usually restored to look somewhat like
31、 the most familiar living horses domestic horses and their closest wild relatives. It is, however, possible and even probable that many extinct horses were striped like zebras. If lions and tigers were extinct they would be restored to look exactly alike. No living elephants have much hair and mammo
32、ths, which are extinct elephants, would doubtless be restored as hairless if we did not happen to know that they had thick, woolly coats. We know this only because mammoths are so recently extinct that prehistoric men drew pictures of them and that the hide and hair have actually been found in a few
33、 specimens. For older extinct animals we have no such clues.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the soft part of fossilized animals（分数：2.00）A.can always be accurately identified.B.have usually left some traces.C.can usually be reconstructed.D.have always vanished without any trace.(2).The muscle
34、s of a fossilized animal can sometimes be reconstructed because（分数：2.00）A.they were preserved with the present relatives of the animal.B.they were lodged inside the animals skull.C.they were hardened parts of the animals body.D.they were attached to the animals skeleton.(3).A fossilized animals exte
35、rnal appearance is still reconstructed to（分数：2.00）A.satisfy popular curiosity.B.answer scientific questions.C.establish its activities.D.determine its eating habits.(4).The word “equivocal” (Line 6, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.equally important.B.definable.C.equally doubtful.D.delibe
36、rate.(5).According to the third paragraph, which of the following is true?（分数：2.00）A.A fossilized animals appearance is usually restored accurately.B.It is difficult to restore some fossilized animals because they had no external parts.C.The prehistoric elephants are hairless.D.An extinct animal doe
37、s not definitely looked like its living relatives.Fate has not been kind to the western grey whale. Its numbers have dwindled to 130 or so, leaving it “critically endangered” in the eyes of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Fishing-nets, speeding ships, pollution and coastal de
38、velopment threaten the few that remain. Most recently, drilling for oil and gas in their main summer feeding grounds, near Sakhalin island off Russias Pacific coast, has brought fresh risks for the luckless creatures. Yet the rush to develop Sakhalins offshore fields may yet be the saviour of the sp
39、ecies. When drilling was first discussed in the 1990s, there were muted complaints. When a consortium called Sakhalin. Energy, led by Royal Dutch Shell, announced plans to build an oil platform and lay pipelines in the only bay where the whales were known to congregate, these protests proliferated.
40、In response, the consortium established an independent panel to advise it on how best to protect the whales and promised to fund its work. It subsequently agreed to change the route of the pipeline at the panels suggestion, although it refused to move the platform, as other critics had demanded. It
41、also agreed either to follow the panels recommendations in future or to explain publicly why it was rejecting them. The platforms and pipelines are now complete. Sakhalin Energy exported its first cargo of liquefied natural gas last week. The project, says Shell, is an engineering triumph and a comm
42、ercial success despite all the controversy. But has it been a success for the whales? Sakhalin Energy says their number seems to be growing by 2.5% a year, although Ian Craig, the firms boss, admits that the cause might be greater scrutiny rather than population growth. The scientists on the panel s
43、till seem worried. They complain that the firm has not always provided the information they need to assess the threat to the whales. It also has not always followed advice, the scientists advice about how noisy construction might scare the animals away, for example, or the speed that boats should tr
44、avel to minimize the risk of hitting the whales. The scientists warn that the loss of just a few fertile females would be enough to tip the population into irrevocable decline. Last summer, there seemed to be far fewer whales around than normal. On the other hand, the panel knows this only because S
45、akhalin Energy funds lots of research on the whales. As a result, it has discovered that they have a wider range than originally thought, which might explain why so few of them showed up off Sakhalin island last year. Therefore, it is hard to escape the conclusion that, for creatures with a lot as s
46、orry as the western grey whale, a nearby oil project is something of a blessing.（分数：10.00）(1).Why are Sakhalins offshore oil and gas projects regarded as risks for the western grey whale?（分数：2.00）A.Because they instantly endanger the animals summer habitat.B.Because drilling for oil and gas may caus
47、e new pollution to the sea.C.Because they need more ships which are dangers to the animal.D.Because offshore development may result in more harm.(2).To ease the protest against its projects, Sakhalin Energy（分数：2.00）A.moved its platform from the bay where the whales congregate.B.established a panel t
48、o be in charge of its public relationship.C.rejected its program near Sakhalins offshore.D.organized some experts to study and protect the whales.(3).Sakhalin Energy supports the panels work（分数：2.00）A.unconditionally.B.enthusiastically.C.half heartedly.D.earnestly.(4).Scientists are sure that（分数：2.0
49、0）A.the number of the whales is rising slowly by a small percentage.B.greater scrutiny of the whale population explains the growing number.C.the whales are in an irrevocable decline despite all their efforts.D.the whales have other summer habitats besides Sakhalins offshore.(5).An appropriate title for the pass
