1、考研英语-试卷 103及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money. He may (1
2、)_ the repayment of the money at any time, either (2)_ cash or by drawing a check in favor of another person.(3)_, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor who is (4)_ depending on whether the customer“s account is (5)_ credit or is overdrawn. But, in (6)_ to that basically si
3、mple concept, the bank and its customer (7)_ a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give (8)_ to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is (9)_ against him. The bank must (10)_ its customer“s in
4、structions, and not those of anyone else. (11)_, for example, a customer opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in (12)_ of checks drawn by himself. He gives the bank (13)_ of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or (14)_ to pay out a cus
5、tomer“s money (15)_ a check on which its customer“s signature has been (16)_. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very (17)_ one: the bank must recognize its customer“s signature. For this reason there is no (18)_ to the customer in the practice, (19)_ by banks, of printing the c
6、ustomer“s name on his checks. If this (20)_ forgery, it is the bank that will lose, not the customer.（分数：40.00）A.acquireB.depositC.demandD.deriveA.forB.throughC.asD.inA.HoweverB.PrimarilyC.MoreoverD.PresumablyA.whichB.whatC.howD.thatA.onB.withC.inD.forA.supportB.contrastC.regardD.additionA.oweB.comm
7、itC.attributeD.embarkA.purposeB.riseC.priorityD.thoughtA.loadedB.offendedC.discriminatedD.directedA.conformB.complyC.obeyD.abideA.UnlessB.AlthoughC.SinceD.WhenA.respectB.chargeC.lineD.placeA.specificsB.signsC.symbolsD.specimensA.reputationB.prestigeC.authorityD.impactA.byB.onC.withD.forA.printedB.co
8、nfirmedC.forgedD.justifiedA.delicateB.skillfulC.unusualD.uniqueA.riskB.guaranteeC.faultD.benefitA.engagedB.intendedC.adaptedD.adoptedA.contributesB.facilitatesC.resultsD.leads二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts.
9、Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Car makers have long used sex to sell their products. Recently, however, both BMW and Renault have based their latest European marketing campaigns around the icon of modern biology. BMW“s campaign, which launches its new 3-series sports
10、saloon in Britain and Ireland, shows the new creation and four of its earlier versions zigzagging around a landscape made up of giant DNA sequences, with a brief explanation that DNA is the molecule responsible for the inheritance of such features as strength, power and intelligence. The Renault off
11、ering, which promotes its existing Laguna model, employs evolutionary theory even more explicitly. The company“s television commercials intersperse clips of the car with scenes from a lecture by Steve Jones, a professor of genetics at University of London. BMW“s campaign is intended to convey the id
12、ea of development allied to heritage. The latest product, in other words, should be viewed as the new and improved scion of a long line of good cars. Renault“s message is more subtle. It is that evolution works by gradual improvements rather than sudden leaps (in this, Renault is aligning itself wit
13、h biological orthodoxy). So, although the new car in the advertisement may look like the old one, the external form conceals a number of significant changes to the engine. While these alterations are almost invisible to the average driver, Renault hopes they will improve the car“s performance, and u
14、ltimately its survival in the marketplace. Whether they actually do so will depend, in part, on whether marketers have read the public mood correctly. For, even if genetics really does offer a useful metaphor for automobiles, employing it in advertising is not without its dangers. That is because DN
15、A“s public image is ambiguous. In one context, people may see it as the cornerstone of modern medical progress. In another, it will bring to mind such controversial issues as abortion, genetically modified foodstuffs, and the sinister subject of eugenics. Car makers are probably standing on safer gr
16、ound than biologists. But even they can make mistakes. Though it would not be obvious to the casual observer, some of the DNA which features in BMW“s ads for its nice, new car once belonged to a woolly mammotha beast that has been extinct for 10,000 years. Not, presumably, quite the message that the
17、 marketing department was trying to convey.（分数：10.00）(1).The campaign staged by both BMW and Renault are to market（分数：2.00）A.cars based on the old ones.B.cars modeled on DNA technology.C.cars produced with most advanced technology.D.cars face-lifted only but little genuinely changed.(2).The differen
18、ce between BMW“s and Renault“s campaign is that（分数：2.00）A.BMW“s emphasizes technological revolution more explicitly.B.Renault“s proves to be more successful.C.Renault“s provides more delicate messages than BMW“s.D.BMW“s employs the metaphor of DNA while Renault“s doesn“t.(3).It can be inferred that
19、biological orthodoxy favors（分数：2.00）A.no change.B.step-by-step change.C.all-of-a-sudden change.D.radical change.(4).According to the author, the success of the campaigns may depend on（分数：2.00）A.perceived product quality.B.public perceptions of DNA.C.efforts made by the organizers.D.explicitness in e
20、xplaining DNA to buyers.(5).The author thinks that unfortunately BMW“s campaign has conveyed the idea of（分数：2.00）A.poverty,B.extinction.C.revolution.D.evolution.We know today that the traditions of tribal art are more complex and less “primitive“ than its discoverers believed; we have even seen that
21、 the imitation of nature is by no means excluded from its aims. But the style of these ritualistic objects could still serve as a common focus for that search for expressiveness, structure, and simplicity that the new movements had inherited from the experiments of the three lonely rebels: Van Gogh,
22、 Cezanne, and Gauguin. The experiments of Expressionism are, perhaps, the easiest to explain in words. The term itself may not be happily chosen, for we know that we are all expressing ourselves in everything we do or leave undone, but the word became a convenient label because of its easily remembe
23、red contrast to Impressionism, and as a label it is quite useful. In one of his letters, Van Gogh had explained how he set about painting the portrait of a friend who was very dear to him. The conventional likeness was only the first stage. Having painted a “correct“ portrait, he proceeded to change
24、 the colors and the setting. Van Gogh was right in saying that the method he had chosen could be compared to that of the cartoonist. Cartoon had always been “expressionist“, for the cartoonist plays with the likeness of his victim, and distorts it to express just what he feels about his fellow man.
25、As long as these distortions of nature sailed under the flag of humor nobody seemed to find them difficult to understand. Humorous art was a field in which everything was permitted, because people did not approach it with prejudices. Yet there is nothing inconsistent about it. It is true that our fe
26、elings about things do color the way in which we see them and, even more, the forms which we remember. Everyone must have experienced how different the same place may look when we are happy and when we are sad. What upset the public about the Expressionist art was, perhaps, not so much the fact that
27、 nature had been distorted as that the result led away from beauty. For the Expressionists felt so strongly about human suffering, poverty, violence and passion, that they were inclined to think that the insistence on harmony and beauty were only born out of a refusal to be honest. The art of the cl
28、assical masters, of a Raphael or Correggio, seemed to them insincere and hypocritical. They wanted to face the bare facts of our existence, and to express their compassion for the disinherited and the ugly.（分数：10.00）(1).Expressionism is a(n)（分数：2.00）A.artistic style expressing the artist“s inner exp
29、eriences objectively.B.marked trend characteristic of insisting on harmony and beauty.C.new movement based on expressive style.D.fundamental revolution in arts.(2).The Van Gogh“s letter(Para. 2) was mentioned to（分数：2.00）A.afford evidence of the origin of Expressionism.B.solve the mystery of Van Gogh
30、“s drawings.C.show the difference between Van Gogh and a cartoonist.D.exhibit the unique feature of the Expressionists“ art.(3).Which one of the following is the Expressionist position concerning harmony and beauty in art?（分数：2.00）A.It emerged from conformity and fear of change.B.It is a misconcepti
31、on of social life.C.It originated from untruthfulness.D.It is essential that no such thing as true beauty exists.(4).In the author“s opinion, the art of Raphael and Correggio（分数：2.00）A.makes the public suspect their true motives.B.displayed too much of the dark side of the human society.C.was charac
32、teristic of an insistence on harmony and beauty.D.reflected the objective world insincerely.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that the Expressionists were（分数：2.00）A.lonely people frequently feeling unhappy at being alone.B.motivated by a desire to change for the sake of changing.C.not immediat
33、ely acknowledged by the masses.D.appreciative of the effect of cartoons on their work.Research is commonly divided into “applied“ and “pure“. This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is that applied research is a deliberate investigation of a problem of practical importa
34、nce, in contradistinction to pure research done to gain knowledge for its own sake. The pure scientist may be said to accept as an act of faith that any scientific knowledge is worth pursuing for its own sake, and, if pressed, he usually claims that in most instances it is eventually found to be use
35、ful. Most of the greatest discoveries, such as the discovery of electricity, X-rays, radium and atomic energy, originated from pure research, which allows the worker to follow unexpected, interesting clues without the intention of achieving results of practical value. In applied research it is the p
36、roject which is given support, whereas in pure research it is the man. However, often the distinction between pure and applied research is a superficial one as it may merely depend on whether or not the subject investigated is one of practical irnl0ortance. For example, the investigation of the life
37、 cycle of a protozoon in a pond is pure research, but if the protozoon studied is a parasite of manor domestic animal the research would be termed applied. A more fundamental differentiation, which corresponds only very roughly with the applied and pure classification is (a) that in which the. objec
38、tive is given and the means of obtaining it are sought, and (b) that in which the discovery is first made and then a use for it is sought. There exists in some circles a certain amount of intellectual snobbery and tendency to look contemptuously on applied investigation. This attitude is based on th
39、e following two false ideas: that new knowledge is only discovered by pure research while applied research merely seeks to apply knowledge already available, and that pure research is a higher intellectual activity because it requires greater scientific ability and is more difficult. Both these idea
40、s are quite wrong. Important new knowledge has frequently arisen from applied investigation; for instance, the science of bacteriology originated largely from Pasteur“s investigations of practical problem in the beer, wine and silkworm industries. Usually it is more difficult to get results in appli
41、ed research than in pure research, because the worker has to stick to and solve a given problem instead of following any promising clue that may turn up. Also in applied research most riel“ we act as we think we should and evaluate the consequences of those actions on ourselves and on others. We the
42、reby correct our mistakes in light of the test of time. Of course people make different moral judgments; of course we cannot resolve these differences by using some algorithm which is itself beyond judgment. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we can judge right and wrong, good a
43、nd bad. But then we don“t have a vantage point from where we can be philosophical relativists either. We are left within the real world, trying to cope with ourselves, with each other, with the world, and with our own mistakes. We do not have all the moral answers; nor do we have an algorithm to dis
44、cern those answers. Neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct language usage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can no longer communicate. If we understand ethics in this way, we can see, I think, the real value of ethical theory. Some people talk as
45、if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as we would a poultice: after diagnosing the illness, we apply the appropriate dressing. But that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutions to apply straightforwardly. Ethical theories a
46、re important not because they solve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features of moral problems and help us understand those problems in context.（分数：10.00）(1).Ethics was generally considered to be（分数：2.00）A.definite and clear.B.vague and uncertain.C.certain but non-rational
47、.D.relative but not subjective.(2).In what way is ethics comparable to language usage?（分数：2.00）A.Both have rules to make the optimal choice under a circumstance.B.Both vary according to the context they are applicable to,C.Both are thought to be objective, not subjective, existence.D.Both contain se
48、ts of rules applied in quite different conditions.(3).In Para. 3, the author use the expression of “learn the hard way“ to mean that（分数：2.00）A.we try to reevaluate our previously held beliefs as we grow older.B.we refute some moral principles only after we find them inconsistent.C.we acquire a sense of right and wrong from our real life lessons.D.we become mature through ignoring our inherited unselfish tendencies.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that a relativistic view of ethics（分数：2.00）A.can only be acquired after suffering loss.B.often
