1、考研英语-试卷 102 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_The world religion is derived from the Latin noun religion, which denotes both (1)_ o
2、bservance of ritual obligations and an inward spirit of reverence. In modern usage, religion covers a wide spectrum of (2)_ that reflects the enormous variety of ways the term can be (3)_ At one extreme, many committed believers (4)_ only their own tradition as a religion, understanding expressions
3、such as worship and prayer to refer (5)_ to the practices of their tradition. They may (6)_ use vague or idealizing terms in defining religion, (7)_, true love of God, or the path of enlightenment. At the other extreme, religion may be equated with (8)_, fanaticism, or wishful thinking. By defining
4、religion as a sacred engagement with what is taken to be a spiritual reality, it is possible to consider the importance of religion in human life without making (9)_ about what is really is or ought to be. Religion is not an object with a single, fixed meaning, or (10)_ a zone with clear boundaries.
5、 It is an aspect of Human (11)_ that may intersect, incorporate, or transcend other aspects of life and society. Such a definition avoid the drawbacks of (12)_ the investigation of religion to Western or biblical categories (13)_ monotheism or church structure, which are not (14)_. Religion in this
6、understanding includes a complex of activities that cannot be (15)_ to any single aspect of human experience. It is a part of individual life but also of (16)_ dynamics. Religion includes not only patterns of language and thought. It is sometimes an (17)_ part of a culture. Religious experience may
7、be expressed (18)_ visual symbols, dance and performance, elaborate philosophical systems, legendary and imaginative stories, formal (19)_, and detailed rules of some ways. There are as many forms of religious expression as there are human cultural (20)_.（分数：40.00）A.earnestB.clumsyC.naiveD.frivolous
8、A.urgencyB.meaningC.conditionD.senseA.exhibitedB.translatedC.interpretedD.illustratedA.assureB.admitC.indulgeD.recognizeA.excessivelyB.comprehensivelyC.flexiblyD.exclusivelyA.neverthelessB.moreoverC.furthermoreD.accordinglyA.in a senseB.as a resultC.for exampleD.for allA.ignoranceB.awarenessC.aversi
9、onD.insistenceA.wishesB.claimsC.attemptsD.pleasA.barelyB.hardlyC.everD.evenA.institutionB.attributeC.distinctionD.experienceA.limitingB.fasteningC.tighteningD.fixingA.such asB.for instanceC.in particularD.as toA.permanentB.apparentC.universalD.exceptionalA.imitatedB.boundC.reducedD.exposedA.strandB.
10、groupC.classD.bandA.dominantB.principalC.prevalentD.integralA.in line withB.in terms ofC.in regard toD.in exchange forA.ceremoniesB.occasionsC.associationsD.formalitiesA.outlooksB.circumstancesC.environmentsD.surroundings二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Par
11、t ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._When it comes to suing doctors, Philadelphia is hardly the city of brotherly love. A combination of sprightly lawyers and sympathetic juries has made Philadelphia a hotspot for medical-malpra
12、ctice lawsuits. Since 1995, Pennsylvania state courts have awarded an average of $2m in such cases, according to Jury Verdict Research, a survey firm. Some medical specialists have seen their malpractice insurance premiums nearly double over the past year. Obstetricians are now paying up to $104,000
13、 a year to protect themselves. The insurance industry is largely to blame. Carol Golin, the Monitor“s editor, argues that in the 1990s insurers tried to grab market share by offering artificially low rates (betting that any losses would be covered by gains on their investments). The stock-market cor
14、rection, coupled with the large legal awards, has eroded the insurers“ reserves. Three in Pennsylvania alone have gone bust. A few doctorsparticularly older oneswill quit. The rest are adapting. Some are abandoning litigation-prone procedures, such as delivering babies. Others are moving parts of th
15、eir practice to neighboring states where insurance rates are lower. Some from Pennsylvania have opened offices in New Jersey. New doctors may also be deterred from setting up shop in litigation havens, however prestigious. Despite a Republican president, tort reform has got nowhere at the federal le
16、vel. Indeed doctors could get clobbered indirectly by a Patients“ Bill of Rights, which would further expose managed care companies to lawsuits. This prospect has fuelled interest among doctors in Pennsylvania“s new medical malpractice reform bill, which was signed into law on March 20th. It will, a
17、mong other things, give doctors $40m of state funds to offset their insurance premiums, spread the payment of awards out over time and prohibit individuals from double dippingthat is, suing a doctor for damages that have already been paid by their health insurer. But will it really help? Randall Bov
18、bjerg, a health policy expert at the Urban Institute, argues that the only proper way to slow down the litigation machine would be to limit the compensation for pain and suffering, so-called “non-monetary damages“. Needless to say, a fixed cap on such awards is resisted by most trial lawyers. But Mr
19、. Bovbjerg reckons a more nuanced approach, with a sliding scale of payments based on well-defined measures of injury, is a better way forward. In the meantime, doctors and insurers are bracing themselves for a couple more rough years before the insurance cycle turns. Nobody disputes that hospital s
20、taff make mistakes: a 1999 Institute of Medicine report claimed that errors kill at least 44,000 patients a year. But there is little evidence that malpractice lawsuits on their own will solve the problem.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the text that doctors in Philadelphia _.（分数：2.
21、00）A.are often overcharged.B.flee out of the hot city.C.are likely to be sued.D.enjoy a high prestige.(2).By mentioning “double-dipping“ (Paragraph 4), the author is talking about _.（分数：2.00）A.compensations.B.premiums.C.stock shares.D.investment.(3).According to the text, what encourages doctors and
22、 insurers is that _.（分数：2.00）A.a new reform bill is coming into force.B.insurance premiums could be balanced.C.new medical offices have been opened up.D.injuries will be precisely measured.(4).To which of the following is the author most likely to agree?（分数：2.00）A.The proper way is to slow down paym
23、ents for injuries.B.Juries tended to find fault with the compensations paid.C.Low insurance rates are to blame for the potential trouble.D.Legal procedures alone may not solve the rough problem.(5).It seems that the author is most critical of _.（分数：2.00）A.negligent doctors.B.unfriendly patients.C.in
24、surance companies.D.sympathetic lawyers.In the end, a degree of sanity prevailed. The militant Hindus who had vowed to breach a police cordon and start the work of building a temple to the god Ram at the disputed site of Ayodhya decided to respect a Supreme Court decision barring them from the area.
25、 So charged have Hindu-Muslim relations in India become in recent weeks, as the declared deadline of March 15th neared, that a clash at Ram“s supposed birthplace might well have provoked bloodshed on an appalling scale across the nation. It has, unfortunately, happened often enough before. But the t
26、hreat has not vanished. The court“s decision is only an interim one, and the main Hindu groups have not given up on their quest to build their temple. Extreme religious violence, which seemed in recent years to have faded after the Ayodhya-related explosion of 19921993, is again a feature of the pol
27、itical landscape. Though faults lie on both sides (it was a Muslim attack on Hindus in a train in Gujarat that started the recent slaughter), the great bulk of victims were, as always, Muslims. Once again, educated Hindus are to be heard inveighing against the “appeasing“ of Muslims through such con
28、cessions as separate constitutional status for Kashmir or the right to practice Islamic civil law. Once again, the police are being accused of doing little or nothing to help Muslim victims of rampaging Hindu mobs. Once again, India“s 130m Muslims feel unequal and unsafe in their own country. Far to
29、o many Hindus would refuse to accept that it is “their own country“ at all. The wonder of it, perhaps, is that things are not worse. While the world applauds Pakistan for at last locking up the leaders of its extreme religious groups, in India the zealots still support, sustain and to a degree const
30、itute the government. The BJP, which leads the ruling coalition, was founded as a political front for the Hindu movement. It is simply one, and by no means the dominant, member of what is called the Sangh Pariwar, the “family of organizations“. Other members of the family are much less savoury. Ther
31、e is the VHP, the World Hindu Organization, which led the movement to build the Ram temple. There is the Bajrang Dal, the brutalist “youth wing“ of the VHP. There is substantial evidence that members of the VHP and the Bajrang Dal helped to organize the slaughter of hundreds of Muslims in Gujarat af
32、ter 58 Hindus were killed on a train as they returned from Ayodhya.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the Supreme Court ruled that _.（分数：2.00）A.Muslims are denied the right to civil laws.B.Hindu-Muslim clashes are an issue of religion.C.it is illegal to seek to build the Ram temple.D.religious gro
33、ups are in the charge of their leaders.(2).What does the writer wants to illustrate with “a Muslim attack on Hindus on a train in Gujarat“?（分数：2.00）A.The brutality of extreme Indian policemen.B.Frequent clashes between Hindus and Muslims.C.The cruelty as shown by Hindus to Muslims.D.The disappearanc
34、e of extreme religious violence.(3).The word “rampaging“ (Para 2) denotes _.（分数：2.00）A.dominance.B.violence.C.deference.D.acceptance.(4).According to the text, now the world would praise Hindus and Muslims mainly for their _.（分数：2.00）A.generosity.B.humaneness.C.enthusiasm.D.sensibility.(5).Towards t
35、he issue of Hindu-Muslim relations, the writer“s attitude can be said to be _.（分数：2.00）A.objective.B.biased.C.appalled.D.supportive.For Tony Blair, home is a messy sort of place, where the prime minister“s job is not to uphold eternal values but to force through some unpopular changes that may make
36、the country work a bit better. The area where this is most obvious, and where it matters most, is the public services. Mr. Blair faces a difficulty here which is partly of his own making. By focusing his last election campaign on the need to improve hospitals, schools, transport and policing, he bui
37、lt up expectations. Mr. Blair has said many times that reforms in the way the public services work need to go alongside increases in cash. Mr. Blair has made his task harder by committing a classic negotiating error. Instead of extracting concessions from the other side before promising his own, he
38、has pledged himself to higher spending on public services without getting a commitment to change from the unions. Why, given that this pledge has been made, should the health unions give ground in return? In a speech on March 20th, Gordon Brown, the chancellor of the exchequer, said that “the someth
39、ing-for-nothing days are over in our public services and there can be no blank cheques“. But the government already seems to have given health workers a blank cheque. Nor are other ministries conveying quite the same message as the treasury. On March 19th, John Hutton, a health minister, announced t
40、hat cleaners and catering staff in new privately-funded hospitals working for the National Health service will still be government employees, entitled to the same pay and conditions as other health-service workers. Since one of the main ways in which the government hopes to reform the public sector
41、is by using private providers, and since one of the main ways in which private providers are likely to be able to save money is by cutting labor costs, this move seems to undermine the government“s strategy. Now the government faces its hardest fight. The police need reforming more than any other pu
42、blic service. Half of them, for instance, retire early, at a cost of 1 billion ($1.4% billion) a year to the taxpayer. The police have voted 10-1 against proposals from the home secretary, David Blunkett, to reform their working practices. This is a fight the government has to win. If the police get
43、 away with it, other public service workers will reckon they can too. And, if they all get away it, Mr. Blair“s domestic policywhich is what voters are most likely to judge him on a the next electionwill be a failure.（分数：10.00）(1).In Britain, Tony Blair“s chief task is to _.（分数：2.00）A.deal with diso
44、rders.B.see to public services.C.attend to reforms.D.live up to expectations.(2).What does the author mean by “a classic negotiating error“ (Paragraph 2)?（分数：2.00）A.keeping to endless bargains.B.avoiding financial challenges.C.making solemn promises.D.offering unnecessary pledges.(3).The views of Go
45、rdon Brown and John Hutton on public services reforms are _.（分数：2.00）A.similar.B.dubious.C.opposite.D.identical.(4).It can be inferred from that text that Tony Blair _.（分数：2.00）A.might have been caught in his own trap.B.is more likely to win the next election.C.gets away with his negotiating strateg
46、ies.D.is bound to encounter financial troubles.(5).The conclusion can be drawn from the text that Britain“s public services may be _.（分数：2.00）A.on the verge of collapse.B.at a crucial stage.C.in pursuit of popularity.D.beyond repairs.Europe is desperate to succeed in business. Two years ago, the Eur
47、opean Union“s Lisbon summit Set a goal of becoming the world“s leading economy by 2010. But success, as any new age executive coach might tell you, requires confronting the fear of failure. That is why Europe“s approach to bankruptcy urgently needs reform. In Europe, as in the United States, many he
48、avily indebted companies are shutting up shop just as the economy begins to recover. Ironically, the upturn is often the moment when weak firms finally fail. But America“s failures have a big advantage over Europe“s weaklings: their country“s more relaxed approach to bankruptcy. In the United States the Chapter 11 law makes going bust an orderly and even routine process. Firms in trouble simply apply for breathing space from creditors. Managers submit a plan of reorganization to a
