1、考研英语-试卷 101 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co., one of the six companies, create
2、d out of the (1)_ national railway system. In an industry lacking exciting growth (2)_, its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations (3)_ is drawing interest. In a plan dubbed “Station Renaissance“ that it (4)_ in November, JR East said that it would (5)_ using its commercial spac
3、es for shops and restaurants, extending them to (6)_ more suitable for the information age. It wants train stations as pick-up (7)_ for such goods, as books, flowers and groceries purchased (8)_ the Internet. In a country (9)_ urbanites depend heavily on trains (10)_ commuting, about 16 million peop
4、le a day go to its train stations anyway, the company (11)_. So, picking up purchases at train stations spare (12)_ extra travel and missed home deliveries. JR East already has been using its station (13)_ stores for this purpose, but it plans to create (14)_ spaces for the delivery of Internet good
5、s. The company also plans to introduce (15)_ cardsknown in Japan as IC cards because they use integrated (16)_ for holding information(17)_ train tickets and commuter passes (18)_ the magnetic ones used today, integrating them into a single pass. This will save the company money, because (19)_ for I
6、C cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. Increased use of IC cards should also (20)_ the space needed for ticket vending.（分数：40.00）A.privatizedB.individualizedC.personalizedD.characterizedA.prospectsB.outlooksC.expectationsD.spectaclesA.articulatelyB.originallyC.reluctantlyD.creatively
7、A.unveiledB.concealedC.demonstratedD.displayedA.come roundB.go beyondC.take overD.set outA.endeavoursB.enterprisesC.functionsD.performancesA.locationsB.entrancesC.vicinitiesD.districtsA.fromB.aboveC.overD.inA.whenB.whereC.whichD.thatA.ofB.inC.aboutD.forA.figuresB.speculatesC.exhibitsD.convincesA.cli
8、entsB.consumersC.merchantsD.businessesA.conjunctionB.ornamentC.expenditureD.convenienceA.dedicatedB.devotedC.designatedD.destinedA.cleverB.intelligentC.ingeniousD.smartA.chorusB.circusC.circumferenceD.circuitA.asB.forC.withD.ofA.as well asB.instead ofC.more thanD.but forA.devicesB.instrumentsC.reade
9、rsD.examinersA.shrinkB.narrowC.descendD.reduce二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of ver
10、se, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and translator, Jack Lindsay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writera fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he bas ventured. His co editorship of Vision in Sydney in the early 1920“
11、s, for example, is still felt to have introduced a significant period in Australian culture, while his study of Kickens written in 1950 is highly regarded. But of all his work it is probably the novel to which he has made his most significant contribution. Since 1936 when, to use his own words in Fa
12、nfrolico and after, he “reached bedrock“, Lindsay bas maintained a consistent Marxist viewpointand it is this viewpoint which if nothing else has guaranteed his novels a minor but certainly not negligible place in modern British literature. Feeling that “the historical novel is a form that bas a lim
13、itless future as a fighting weapon and as a cultural instrument“ (New Masses, January 1937), Lindsay first attempted to formulate his Marxist convictions in fiction mainly set in the past: particularly in his trilogy in English novels1949 (dealing with the Digger and Leveller movements), Lost Birthr
14、ight (the Wilkesite agitations), and Men of Forth-Eight (written in 1939, the Chartist and revolutionary uprisings in Europe). Basically these works set out, with most success in the first volume, to vivify the historical traditions behind English Socialism and attempted to demonstrate that it stood
15、, in Lindsay“s words, for the “true completion of the national destiny“. Although the war years saw the virtual disintegration of the left-wing writing movement of the 1930s, Lindsay himself carried on: delving into contemporary affairs in We Shall Return and Beyond Terror, novels in which the epith
16、ets formerly reserved for the evil capitalists or Franco“s soldiers have been transferred rather crudely to the German troops. After the war, Lindsay continued to write mainly about the presenttrying with varying degrees of success to come to terms with the unradical political realities of post-war
17、England. In the series of novels known collectively as The British Way, and beginning with Betrayed Spring in 1953, it seemed at first as if his solution was simply to resort to more and more obvious authorial manipulation and heavy-banded didacticism. Fortunately, however, from Revolt of the Sons,
18、this process was reversed, as Lindsay began to show an increasing tendency to ignore party solutions, to fail indeed to give anything but the most elementary political consciousness to his characters, so that in his latest (and what appears to be his last) contemporary novel, Choice of Times, his he
19、ro, Colin, ends on a note of desperation: “Everything must be different, I can“t live this way any longer. But how can I change it, how?“ To his credit as an artist, Lindsay doesn“t give him any explicit answer.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the career of Jack Lindsay as a writer can be descri
20、bed as（分数：2.00）A.inventive.B.productiveC.reflective.D.inductive.(2).The impact of Jack Lindsay“s ideological attitudes on his literary success was（分数：2.00）A.utterly negative.B.obviously positive.C.limited but indivisible.D.obscure in net effect.(3).According to the second paragraph, Jack Lindsay fir
21、mly believes in（分数：2.00）A.the gloomy destiny of his own country.B.the function of literature as a weapon.C.his responsibility as an English manD.his extraordinary position in literature.(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.the radical writers were greatly influenced by the w
22、ar.B.Jack Lindsay was less and less popular in England.C.Jack Lindsay focused exclusively on domestic affairs.D.the war led to the ultimate union of all English authors.(5).According to the text, the speech at the end of the text（分数：2.00）A.demonstrates the author“s own view of life.B.shows the popul
23、ar comments on Jack Lindsay.C.offer the author“s opinion on Jack Lindsay.D.indicates Jack Lindsay“s change of attitude.In studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-repeated proofs of regular caus
24、ation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture. But, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unw
25、ary student. Of course the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so. That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the exis
26、tence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beastall this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in men“s minds by efficient causes, but it is not g
27、round for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic. This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. Popularly, what everybody
28、 says must be true, what everybody does must be right“Quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus creditum est, hoc est vere proprieque Catholicum“and in forth. There are various topics, especially in history, law, philosophy, and theology, where even the educated people we live among can hardly be br
29、ought to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usag
30、es, are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas. As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and belief
31、s thus set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received, I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat
32、, and nightmare the visit of a demon.（分数：10.00）(1).The author“s attitude towards the phenomena mentioned at the beginning of the text is one of（分数：2.00）A.skepticism.B.approval.C.indifference.D.disgust.(2).By “But to a great extent it is not so“ (Lines 67) the author implies that（分数：2.00）A.most peopl
33、e are just followers of new ideas.B.even sound minds may commit silly errors.C.the popularly supported may be erroneous.D.nobody is immune to the influence of errors.(3).Which of the following is closest in meaning to the statement “There are variousto do so“?（分数：2.00）A.Principles like history and p
34、hilosophy are hard to deal with.B.People like to see what other people do for their own model.C.The educated are more susceptible to errors in their daily life.D.That everyone does the same may not prove they are all right.(4).Which of the following would the author probably suggest?（分数：2.00）A.Suppo
35、rt not the most supported,B.Deny everything others believe.C.Throw all tradition into trashcan.D.Keep your eyes open all the time.(5).The author develops his writing mainly by means of（分数：2.00）A.reasoning.B.examples.C.comparisons.D.quotations.The provision of positive incentives to work in the new s
36、ociety will not be an easy task. But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hungerthe economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economies from politics and de
37、nies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us. I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power
38、 of what is called direction of labor resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissea-faire undoubtedly represented an a
39、dvance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free“ labour deserves respect But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an
40、advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom, Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of
41、laissea-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did t
42、hat normally happen. Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily used but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now b
43、e foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field. This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to
44、frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “sanction“ (Para. 1) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.corrective measures.B.encouraging methods.C.preventive efforts.D.revolutionary actions.(2).Which of the following is implied in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.People used to
45、be forced to work under whips.B.The author dislikes the function of politics in economy.C.Incentives are always less available than regulations.D.People have an instinct of working less and getting more.(3).The author“s attitudes towards future, as is indicated in the beginning of the second paragra
46、ph, is one of（分数：2.00）A.reluctant acceptance.B.sheer pessimism.C.mild optimism.D.extreme hopefulness.(4).The author of the text seems to oppose the idea of（分数：2.00）A.free market.B.military controlC.strict regulations.D.unrestrained labors.(5).The last sentence of the text indicates the author“s（分数：2
47、.00）A.hatred.B.affection.C.stubbornness.D.rejection.Over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargements and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 percent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majori
48、ty of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. “What we all crave is to look normal, and normal is what is prescribed by the advertising media and other external pressures. They give us a perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that“. In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centers on what age people should be before going under the knife. Ne
