1、考研英语-试卷 100 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_In the United States, the first day-nursery was opened in 1854.Nurseries were establi
2、shed in various areas during the (1)_ half of the 19th century; most of them were (2)_ Both in Europe and in the U. S., the day-nursery (3)_ received great (4)_ during the First World War, when (5)_ of manpower caused the industrial employment (6)_ numbers of women. In some European countries nurser
3、ies were established (7)_ in munitions (军火)plants, under direct government (8)_ Although the number of nurseries in the U. S. also rose (9)_, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, (10)_, Federal, State, and local governments gr
4、adually began to exercise a measure of control over the day-nurseries, chiefly by (11)_ them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries. The (12)_ of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day-nurseries in almost all countries, as women we
5、re again called upon to replace men in the factories. On this (13)_ the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery school, (14)_ $6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (15)_ this Federal aid. B
6、y the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared for in day-care centers receiving Federal (16)_. Soon afterward, the Federal government (17)_ cut down its (18)_ for this purpose and later (19)_ them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operatio
7、n. However, the (20)_ that most employed mothers would leave their jobs at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.（分数：40.00）A.latterB.lateC.otherD.firstA.generousB.charitableC.liberalD.generalA.motivationB.momentumC.movementD.momentA.impetusB.inputC.imitationD.initiativeA.sourcesB.abundanceC.s
8、hortageD.reductionA.exceptionalB.unprecedentedC.extraordinaryD.unduplicatedA.hardlyB.entirelyC.onlyD.evenA.launchB.introductionC.sponsorshipD.promotionA.unanimouslyB.sharplyC.predominantlyD.militantlyA.thereforeB.consequentlyC.howeverD.moreoverA.formulatingB.labelingC.patentingD.licensingA.outsetB.o
9、utbreakC.breakthroughD.breakdownA.circumstanceB.occasionC.caseD.situationA.regulatingB.summoningC.allocatingD.transferringA.expandedB.facilitatedC.supplementedD.compensatedA.pensionsB.subsidiesC.revenuesD.budgetsA.prevalentlyB.furiouslyC.statisticallyD.drasticallyA.revenueB.paymentC.expenditureD.cos
10、tA.abolishedB.diminishedC.jeopardizedD.precludedA.assumptationB.exceptionC.expectationD.presumption二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Yasuhisa Shiz
11、oki, a 51-year old MP from Japan“s ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), starts tapping his finger on the dismal economic chart on his coffee table. “Unless we change the decision-making process,“ he says bluntly, “we are not going to be able to solve this kind of problem.“ With the economy in such
12、 a mess, it may seem a bit of a diversion to be trying to sort out Japan“s political structures as well as its economic problems. Since co-writing a report on political reform, which was released by an LDP panel last week, Mr. Shiozaki has further upset the party“s old guard. Its legionaries, flanke
13、d by columns of the bureaucracy, continue to hamper most attempts to overhaul the economy. Junichiro Koizumi was supposed to change all that, by going over their heads and appealing directly to the public. Yet nearly a year after becoming prime minister, Mr. Koizumi has precious little to show for h
14、is efforts. His popularity is now flagging and his determination is increasingly in doubt. As hopes of immediate economic reform fade, optimists are focusing on another potential benefit of Mr. Koizumi“s tenure. They hope that his highly personalized style of leadership will pave the way for a perma
15、nent change in Japanese politics: towards more united and authoritative cabinets that are held directly accountable for their policies. As that hap pens, the thinking goes, real economic reforms will be able to follow. Unfortunately, damage limitation in the face of scandal too often substitutes for
16、 real reform. More often, the scandals serve merely as distractions. What is really needed is an overhaul of the rules themselves. A leading candidate for change is the 40-year-old systeminformal but religiously followedthrough which the LDP machinery vets every bill before it ever gets to parliamen
17、t. Most legislation starts in the LDP“s party committees, which mirror the parliamentary committee structure. Proposals then go through two higher LDP bodies, which hammer out political deals to smooth their passage. Only then does the prime minister“s cabinet get fully involved in approving the pol
18、icy. Most issues have been decided by the LDP mandarins long before they reach this point, let alone the floor of parliament, leaving even the prime minister limited influence, and allowing precious little room for public debate and even less for accountability. As a result, progress will probably r
19、emain slow. Since they know that political reform leads to economic reform, and hence poses a threat to their interests, most of the LDP will resist any real changes. But at least a handful of insiders have now bought into one of Mr. Koizumi“s best slogans: “Change the LDP, change Japan.“（分数：10.00）(
20、1).The diversion Yasuhisa Shizoki enjoys is mentioned in the text to（分数：2.00）A.to introduce the topic of economic reforms.B.to honor his unique service to the LDP.C.to highlight his ability to solve problems.D.to show how he sort out his slogans.(2).The expression “the LDP mandarins“(Paragraph 4) mo
21、st probably means（分数：2.00）A.cabinets who are held liable for their policies.B.those who work in LDP“s party committees.C.candidates for two higher LDP bodies.D.those who are strong in favor of reforms.(3).The basic problem of Japanese economy as pointed out by the writer lies in（分数：2.00）A.its prime
22、minister“s negligence.B.the inefficiency of its parliament.C.its defective political structures.D.the resistance to any changes.(4).In the eyes of the author, an economic reform in Japan（分数：2.00）A.should precede a political reform.B.cannot do without Koizumi“s popularity.C.should follow an overhaul
23、of the rules.D.is a now boom on the horizon.(5).It seems that the write is very critical of（分数：2.00）A.LPD bodies“ accountability.B.the prime minister.C.advocates of economic reforms.D.the LDP machinery.At some point during their education, biology students are told about a conversation in a pub that
24、 took place over 50 years ago. J.B.S. Haldane, a British geneticist, was asked whether he would lay down his life for his country. After doing a quick calculation on the back of a napkin, he said he would do so for two brothers or eight cousins. In other words, he would die to protect the equivalent
25、 of his genetic contribution to the next generation. The theory of kin selectionthe idea that animals can pass on their genes by helping their close relativesis biology“s explanation for seemingly altruistic acts. An individual carrying genes that promote altruism might be expected to die younger th
26、an one with “selfish“ genes, and thus to have a reduced contribution to the next generation“s genetic pool. But if the same individual acts altruistically to protect its relatives, genes for altruistic behavior might nevertheless propagate. Acts of apparent altruism to non-relatives can also be expl
27、ained away, in what has become a cottage industry within biology. An animal might care for the offspring of another that it is unrelated to because it hopes to obtain the same benefits for itself later on (a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism). The hunter who generously shares his spoils with o
28、thers may be doing so in order to signal his superior status to females, and ultimately boost his breeding success. These apparently selfless acts are therefore disguised acts of self-interest. All of these examples fit economists“ arguments that Homo sapiens is also Homo economicusmaximizing someth
29、ing that economists call utility, and biologists fitness. But there is a residuum of human activity that defies such explanations: people contribute to charities for the homeless, return lost wallets, do voluntary work and tip waiters in restaurants to which they do not plan to return. Both economic
30、 rationalism and natural selection offer few explanations for such random acts of kindness. Nor can they easily explain the opposite: spiteful behavior, when someone harms his own interest in order to damage that of another. But people are now trying to find answers. When a new phenomenon is recogni
31、zed by science, a name always helps. In a paper in Human Nature, Dr. Fehr and his colleagues argue for a behavioral propensity they call “strong reciprocity“. This name is intended to distinguish it from reciprocal altruism. According to Dr. Fehr, a person is a strong reciprocator if he is willing t
32、o sacrifice resources to be kind to those who are being kind, and to punish those who are being unkind. Significandy, strong reciprocators will behave this way even if doing so provides no prospect of material rewards in the future.（分数：10.00）(1).The story of J.B.S. Haldane is mentioned in the text（分
33、数：2.00）A.to honor his unusual altruistic acts.B.to show how he contributed to the country.C.to introduce the topic of human altruism.D.to give an episode of his calculation abilities.(2).According the theory of kin selection, humans tend to act altruistically（分数：2.00）A.for the sake of desired reprod
34、uction.B.out of self-interest.C.on the request of natural selection.D.because of kind nature.(3).As pointed out in the text, “reciprocal altruism theory“ and “strong reciprocity theory“ are（分数：2.00）A.complementary.B.contradictory.C.superficial.D.over-simplified.(4).The write mentioned the case of “t
35、he hunter who shares his spoils with others“ to demonstrate（分数：2.00）A.innate human hostility.B.his privileged status.C.apparent human altruism.D.his sacrifice resources.(5).It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that（分数：2.00）A.Human behavior is confined to the exclusive concern of psychologists.B.Econo
36、mists“ utility is only the explanations for random acts of kindness.C.Altruism is developed during the long process of human evolution.D.Biologists can help economists explain some human behavior deviations.On Mar. 14, when Wal-Mart Stores Inc. announced its first foray into Japan, the Bentonville (
37、Ark.) retailing giant placed a big bet that it could succeed where countless other foreign companies have failed. In the past five years, a number of famous Western brands have been forced to close up shop after failing to catch on in Japan, one of the world“s largestbut most variableconsumer market
38、s. May Wal-Mart make a go of it where others have stumbled? One good sign is that the mass marketer is not rushing in blindly. It has taken an initial 6.1% stake in ailing food-and-clothing chain Seiyu Ltd., which it can raise to a controlling 33.4% by yearend and to 66.7% by 2007. That gives Wal-Ma
39、rt time to revise its strategyor run for the exits. The question is whether Wal-Mart can apply the lessons it has learned in other parts of Asia to Japan. This, after all, is a nation of notoriously finicky consumerswho have become even more so since Japan slipped into a decade-long slump. How will
40、Wal-Mart bring to bear its legendary cost-cutting savvy in a market already affected by falling prices? Analysts are understandably skeptical. “It is uncertain whether Wal-Mart“s business models will be effective in Japan,“ Standard Poor“s said in a Mar.18 report. Much depends on whether Seiyu turns
41、 out to be a good partner. The 39-year-old retailer is a member of the reputed Seibu Saison retail group that fell on hard times in the early “90s. It also has deep ties to trading house Sumitomo Corp. which will take a 15% stake in the venture with Wal-Mart. Perhaps the best thing that can be said
42、of Seiyu“s 400-odd stores is that they“re not as deeply troubled as other local retailers. Still, there“s a gaping chasm between the two corporate cultures. “We“ve never been known for cheap everyday pricing,“ says a Seiyu spokesman. Another potential problem is Sumitomo, which may not want to lean
43、on suppliers to the extent that Wal-Mart routinely does. The clock is ticking. Wal-Mart executives say they need several months to “study“ the deal with Seiyu before acting on it, but in the meantime a new wave of hyper-competitive Japanese and foreign rivals are carving up the market. If Wal-Mart s
44、ucceeds, it will reduce its reliance on its home market even further andwho knows?it may even revolutionize Japanese retailing in the same way it has in the U.S.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the text that Wal-Mart Stores Inc. will（分数：2.00）A.revolutionize Japanese retailing.B.tap m
45、ost potential consumer markets in Japan.C.combine and become bigger.D.withdraw from consumer markets in Japan.(2).As mentioned in the text, Japanese consumers are generally（分数：2.00）A.hard to satisfy.B.prone to deceptions.C.resistant to aliens.D.open to new ideas.(3).The phrase “make a go of it“(Para
46、graph 1) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.enjoy wide popularity.B.exert great effort.C.achieve great success.D.is at stake.(4).It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that（分数：2.00）A.Seiyu will be incorporated into Wal-Mart in the foreseeable future.B.Wal-Mart“s has no alternative but to choose Seiyu as its
47、partner.C.Seiyu depends in large measure on Wal-Mart for surging profits.D.Wal-Mart“s cooperation with Seiyu is still to be re-examined.(5).Toward this adventure of Wal-Mart, the author“s attitude can be best said to be（分数：2.00）A.optimistic.B.objective.C.pessimistic.D.defensive.Shortly after dawn on
48、 February 17th 2003, the world“s most ambitious road pricing experiment will start in London. Though cordon toll schemes have been operating in Norway for years, and Singapore has an electronic system, no one has ever tried to charge motorists in a city of the size and complexity of London. For decades, transport planners have been demanding that motorists should pay directly for the use of roads. According to the professionals, it is the only way of civilizing cities and restraining the growth of inter urban traffic. Politicians have
