1、考研英语-99 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Euthanasia has been a topic of controversy in Europe since at least 1936. On an average of six times a da
2、y, a doctor in Holland practices “active“ euthanasia:U (1) /Uadministering a lethal drug to aU (2) /Uill patient who has asked to be relievedU (3) /Usuffering. Twenty times a day, life prolonging treatment is withheld or withdrawnU (4) /Uthere is no hope that it canU (5) /Uan ultimate cure. “Active“
3、 euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books, punishableU (6) /U12 years in prison. But a series of court cases over the past 15 years has made it clear that a competent physician whoU (7) /Uit out will not be prosecuted.Euthanasia, often called “mercy killing“, is a crime everywhere in We
4、stern Europe.U (8) /Umore and more doctors and nurses in Britain, Germany, Holland and elsewhere readilyU (9) /Uto practicing it, most often in the “passive“ form of withholding or withdrawingU (10) /UThe long simmering euthanasia issue has latelyU (11) /Uinto a sometimes fierce public debate,U (12)
5、 /Uboth sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness. ThoseU (13) /Uto the practice see themselvesU (14) /Usacred principles of respect for life,U (15) /Uthose in favor raise the banner of humane treatment. After yearsU (16) /Uthe defensive, the advocates now seem to beU (17) /Uground. Recent
6、 polls in Britain show that 72 percent of BritishU (18) /Ufavor euthanasia in some circumstances. An astonishing 76 percent ofU (19) /Uto a poll taken late last year in France said they would like the law changed toU (20) /Umercy killings. Obviously, pressure groups favoring euthanasia and “assisted
7、 suicide“ have grown steadily in Europe over the years. (272 words)BNotes:/B euthanasia安乐死。lethal 致命的。statute book 法典。prosecute 起诉。simmering 处于沸腾的状态。mantle 重任，责任。（分数：10.00）A.incidentallyB.intentionallyC.intermittentlyD.intenselyA.terminallyB.finallyC.eventuallyD.ultimatelyA.againstB.offC.ofD.out ofA
8、.thoughB.whenC.thatD.sinceA.effectB.affectC.resultD.executeA.forB.inC.toD.byA.worksB.savesC.carriesD.rescuesA.BecauseB.HenceC.AndD.ButA.admitB.allegeC.approveD.adoptA.cureB.treatmentC.operationD.remedyA.smoothed overB.boiled overC.broke downD.burst outA.due toB.atC.forD.withA.rejectedB.objectedC.res
9、pondedD.opposedA.abandoningB.confirmingC.upholdingD.upgradingA.whileB.whenC.asD.orA.inB.forC.onD.againstA.supportingB.reinforcingC.maintainingD.gainingA.patientsB.subjectsC.residentsD.physiciansA.officialsB.citizensC.respondentsD.interviewersA.refuseB.evaluateC.decriminalizeD.counter二、BSection Readi
10、(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.BText 1/BHenry Kissinger may be the most successful, certainly the most flamboyant, Secretary of State to hold that office in moder
11、n times. When he was appointed in the late 1960s, there were no American ties with Communist China, Vietnam and Berlin seemed ready to draw the United States into a third world war, and Russia was seen as “the enemy“.But all this has changed, and Henry Kissinger caused much of the change; in 1971, h
12、e made his first trip to China, a trip that was the beginning of the current ties between the United States and China. He brought the United States and Russia closer together on major issues by the policy he called “detente“, literally meaning a relaxation. His philosophy was always to talk and to b
13、ring together. With these two policies, Kissinger did much to draw attention away from any possible Russia-American friction.In 1973 he made his first visit to Egypt. Here he was able to begin U.S. relations with Egypt. He used his contact later to begin the sort of talks that the American press cal
14、led “shuttle diplomacy“. For ninety-nine days, he “shuttled“ back and forth on flights between Cairo and Jerusalem to work out a step-by-step withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Sinai desert. His wit, his careful approach to detail, and his presence made “shuttle diplomacy“ work. It was the only s
15、uccessful approach to Mid-east peace in the thirty years since the state of Israel was founded.Another major work was the Strategic Arms Limitation Talk. Though his term in office passed with the treaty unsigned, Kissinger left a draft of the treaty to which the Russians had already agreed. The SALT
16、 treaty spelled out a one-tenth reduction in nuclear arms, a major accomplishment by any standard, even if one does not consider all the other conditions and limitations included in the treaty.Even though he successfully helped bring an end to the Vietnam War, Kissingers final days in office were af
17、fected, as was the entire executive branch in one way or another, by the scandals of the Nixon White House. Kissingers critics point to his role in placing wiretaps on the phones of reporters and officials and to what they consider his “high-handed“ approach to setting foreign policy. But Kissinger,
18、 during the last few months of the Nixon presidency, limited the effects of American domestic problems on our foreign policy. He continued talks in the Middle East. He continued close contact with the Soviet Union.History will decide in the final view, as Kissinger-and many presidents-often said, on
19、 the value of his service. Whatever they decide, whether his actions are finally to be considered wise or foolish, he had a personal vision that will be difficult to match. (459 words)BNotes:/B work out 制定。spell out 清楚地说明。wiretap 窃听(电话)。scandal 丑闻。（分数：10.00）(1).According to the context, the word “fl
20、amboyant“ most likely means（分数：2.00）A.notorious.B.ambiguous.C.showy.D.arbitrary.(2).It can be inferred from the last paragraph of the text that（分数：2.00）A.“shuttle diplomacy“ seriously affected the SALT treaty.B.Watergate scandals made Kissinger ineffective.C.some of the things Kissinger initiated ar
21、e still being worked out.D.Kissinger is an outstanding politician but unable to cope with domestic affairs.(3).The text does not directly say, but implies that Kissinger（分数：2.00）A.suffered a series of defeats while being in office.B.significantly altered the direction of international relationships.
22、C.was unsuccessful in bringing about peace in the Middle East.D.played a more important role than the president during the Nixon administration.(4).The main idea of the text is that（分数：2.00）A.Kissinger helped smooth over many conflicts in the world.B.as the Secretary of State, Kissinger was very inf
23、luential in American foreign policy.C.a lot of international conflicts would not have been resolved without Kissingers effort.D.Kissinger did much to end the cold war with the Communist World.(5).The authors tone in the text may best be summarized as that of（分数：2.00）A.objectivity.B.suspicion.C.sympa
24、thy.D.admiration.BText 2/BUnder pressure from animal welfare groups, two national science teachers associations have adopted guidelines that ban classroom experiments harming animals. The National Association of Biology Teachers and the National Science Teachers Association hope to end animal abuse
25、in elementary and secondary schools and, in turn, discourage students from mishandling animals in home experiments and science fair projects.Animal welfare groups are apparently most concerned with high school students experimenting with animals in extracurricular projects. Barbara Orlans, President
26、 of the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, said that students have been performing surgery at random, testing known poisonous substances, and running other pathology experiments on animals without even knowing normal physiology.At one science fair, a student cut off the leg and tail of a lizard t
27、o demonstrate that only the tail can regenerate, she said. In another case, a student bound sparrows, starved them and observed their behavior.“The amount of abuse has been quite horrifying,“ Orlans said.Administrators of major science fairs are short-tempered over the teachers policy change and the
28、 impression it has created. “The teachers were sold a bill of goods by Barbara Ortans,“ said Thurman Grafton, who heads the rules committee for the International Science and Engineering Fair. “Backyard tabletop surgery is just nonsense. The new policies throw cold water on students inquisitiveness,“
29、 he said.Grafton said he wouldnt deny that there hasnt been animal abuse among projects at the international fair, but he added that judges reject contestants who have unnecessarily injured animals. The judges have a hard time monitoring local and regional fairs that may or may not choose to comply
30、with the international fairs rules that stress proper care of animals, Grafton said.He said that several years ago, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search banned harmful experiments to animals when sponsors threatened to cancel their support after animal welfare groups lobbied for change.The teacher
31、s adopted the new policies also to fend off proposed legislation-in states including Missouri and New York-that would restrict or prohibit experiments on animals.Officials of the two teachers organizations say that they dont know how many animals have been abused in the classroom. On the one hand, m
32、any biology teachers are not trained in the proper care of animals, said Wayne Moyer, executive director of the biology teachers association. On the other, the use of animals in experiments has dropped in recent years because of school budget cuts. The association may set up seminars to teach better
33、 animal care to its members. (414 words)BNotes:/B pathology 病理学。lizard 蜥蜴。tabletop 桌面。short-tempered 脾气急躁的。lobby for 游说支持。fend off 躲开。（分数：10.00）(1).The title which best expresses the content of the text is（分数：2.00）A.Science Teachers to Ban Testing Harmful to Animals.B.Teachers Policy Change in Exper
34、iment on Animals.C.The New Policies of Banning Harmful Experiments to Animals.D.The Importance of Prohibiting Harmful Experiments on Animals.(2).According to the text, animal welfare groups have succeeded in（分数：2.00）A.stopping all animal abuse in schools.B.establishing guidelines that ban classroom
35、experiments harming animals.C.protecting animals from being experimented with in extracurricular projects.D.persuading two national science teachers associations to adopt an animal protection policy.(3).Thurman Grafton suggests that（分数：2.00）A.animal abuse is horrible and should be terminated.B.the t
36、eachers have been compelled to do all animal experiments.C.prohibition of experiments on animals will discourage students from being curious.D.the international science and Engineering Fair will cease to operate because of the new policies.(4).It can be learned from the text that the teachers ban ha
37、rmful experiments to animals in order to（分数：2.00）A.maintain ecological balance.B.please animal welfare groups.C.get financial support from their sponsors.D.protect necessary harmless experiments on animals.(5).It is suggested toward the end of the text that（分数：2.00）A.the seriousness of animal abuse
38、in the classroom is unknown.B.training teachers in animal care may contribute to reducing animal abuse.C.fewer animals have been used in experiments in recent years.D.many biology teachers are not trained in proper care of animal.BText 3/BAfter World War the glorification of an ever-larger GNP forme
39、d the basis of a new materialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently, everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the
40、 manufacturers. Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as by most of the countrys radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. An insistence
41、 on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs. Obviously, this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP.The pursu
42、it of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japans educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in ch
43、emical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the countrys universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960,
44、 only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chos
45、e to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an a
46、rea a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly, in the food chain. (373 words)BNotes:/B heretic 异教徒。sanitary 卫生的。for the most part 基本上。re
47、ceptacle 储存地。（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, no measures were resorted to in environmental protection after World War in Japan because（分数：2.00）A.they were reckoned to be unnecessary.B.they would check economic development.C.no one was much interested in them.D.pollution was held as inevitable a
48、t that time.(2).According to the context, the word “effluents“ in Para. 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.by-effects.B.drainage.C.solid wastes.D.risks.(3).It can be learned from the text that soon after the Second World War（分数：2.00）A.hardly anyone suspected that it was unwise to contaminate the w
49、ater and air.B.people unanimously found it acceptable to damp industrial wastes into the sea.C.the government tried to deal with the pollution problem but in vain.D.nobody attached great significance to the remedy for public hazards.(4).According to the logical clue of the text, the second paragraph is an example to show
