1、考研英语-981 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adults, according to a survey published yesterday, which offers (1) of a developing underclass. Tests and (2) with hundreds of people born in a
2、 week in 1958 graphically illustrated the (3) of educational underachievement. The effects can be seen in unemployment, family (4) , low incomes, depression and social inactivity.Those who left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for up to four years less than good readers (5) they
3、 reached 37. Professor John Bynner, of City University, who carried the research, said that todays (6) teenagers would even encounter greater problems because the supply of (7) jobs had shrunk.Almost one fifth of the 1,700 people interviewed for yesterdays report had poor literacy and almost half (8
4、) with innumeracy, a proportion (9) other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read a childs book, and most found difficult (10) written instructions.Poor readers were twice as likely to be on a low wage and four times as likely to live in a household where partners worked. Women in t
5、his (11) were five times as likely to be (12) depressed, (13) both tended to feel they had no control over their lives, and to trust others (14) .Those who had low literacy and numeracy were seldom (15) in any community organization and less likely than others to (16) in a general election. There ha
6、d been no (17) in the literary level of (18) reporting problems.Alan Wells, the agencys director, said: “The results emphasize the dangers of developing an underclass people, who were out of work, (19) depressed and often labeled themselves as (20) . There is a circle of marginalization, with the di
7、ce against these people and their families. /（分数：10.00）(1).A. proof B. witness C. testimony D. evidence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. investigations B. interviews C. conferences D. communications（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. defect B. backwardness C. handicap D. scarcity（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. breakdown B. break
8、out C. breakaway D. breakin（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. the time B. the instant C. the moment D. the point（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. illiterate B. suffering C. poor D. unqualified（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. skilled B. mental C. manual D. mechanical（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. struggled B. faced C. encountered D. con
9、fronted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. in light of B. in line with C. in case of D. in time of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. translating B. complying C. following D. obeying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. post B. condition C. status D. position（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. said B. thought C. believed D. labeled（分数：0.50）A.B.C
10、.D.(13).A. and B. while C. for D. but（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. more B. much C. less D. little（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. revolved B. dissolved C. resolved D. involved（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. claim B. join C. vote D. win（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. improvement B. advancement C. development D. increase（分数：0.5
11、0）A.B.C.D.(18).A. employees B. interviewees C. participants D. researchers（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. hardly B. nearly C. increasingly D. potentially（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. failures B. winners C. successors D. patients（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(
12、总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the relationship of education to business we observe today a fine state of paradox. On the one hand, the emphasis which most business places upon a college degree is so great that one can almost visualize the time when even the office boy will have his baccalaureate. On the other h
13、and, we seem to preserve the belief that some deep intellectual chasm separates the businessman from other products of the university system. The notion that business people are quite the Philistines sounds absurd. For some reason, we tend to characterize vocations by stereotypes, none too flatterin
14、g but nonetheless deeply imbedded in the national conscience. In the cast of characters the businessman comes on stage as an ill-mannered and simple minded person. It is not a pleasant conception and no more truthful or less unpleasant than our other stereotypes.Business is made up of people with al
15、l kinds of backgrounds, all kinds of motivations, and all kinds of tastes, just as in any other form of human endeavor. Businessmen are not mobile balance sheets and profit statements, but perfectly normal human beings, subject to whatever strengths, frailties, and limitations that characterize man
16、on the earth. They are people grouped together in organizations designed to complement the weakness of one with strength of another, tempering the exuberance of the young with the caution of the more mature, the poetic soarings of one mind with the counting house realism of another. Any disfiguremen
17、t which society may suffer will come from man himself, not from the particular vocation to which he devotes his time.Any group of people necessarily represents an approach to a common one, and it is probably true that even individually they tend to conform somewhat to the general pattern. Many have
18、pointed out the danger of engulfing our original thinkers in a tide of mediocrity. Conformity is not any more prevalent or any more exacting in the business field than it is in any other. It is a characteristic of all organizations of whatever nature. The fact is the large business unit provides gre
19、ater opportunities for individuality and requires less in the way of conformity than other institutions of comparable sizethe government, or the academic world, or certainly the military.（分数：10.00）(1).The paradox in the relationship of education to business is that _.A. businessmen are both unmindfu
20、l of history and sophisticated in itB. businessmen show both contempt and respect for noble activitiesC. there are both highly intellectual and uneducated businessmenD. there are both noticeable similarities and differences between businessmen and intellectuals（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “Philisti
21、nes“ (Line 5, Para. 1) most probably means _.A. intellectuals B. those who are sophisticatedC. those who are ungraceful D. those who are uneducated（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).There isnt a stereotyped businessman because _.A. businessmen represent a cross section of societyB. businessmen are not ordinary pe
22、opleC. businessmen are people with strong personalityD. there is considerable mobility in the vocation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the text, the distortion of the image of the businessmen is the result of _.A. prevalent egoism among businessmen B. sheer misunderstanding from othersC. racial dis
23、crimination D. the fierce social competition（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the last paragraph, which of the following is true?A. People in all vocations are unwilling to conform to a general pattern.B. Conformity is a special characteristic of business.C. Businessmen are all original thinkers.D.
24、Businessmen are provided with greater opportunities than people in other professions.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The idea that boys and girlsand men and womenare programmed by evolution to behave differently from one another is now widely acknowledged. But which of the differences betwe
25、en the sexes are “biological“, in the sense that they have been honed by evolution, and which are “cultural“ or “environmental“ and might more easily be altered by changed circumstances, is still fiercely debated.The sensitivity of the question was shown last year by an uproar at Harvard University.
26、 Larry Summers, then Harvards president, caused a storm when he suggested that innate ability could be an important reason why there were so few women in the top positions in mathematics, engineering and the physical sciences.Even as a proposition for discussion, this is unacceptable to some. But bi
27、ological explanations of human behavior are making a comeback. The success of neo -Darwinism has provided an intellectual foundation for discussion about why some differences between the sexes might be innate. And new scanning techniques have enabled researchers to examine the brains interior while
28、it is working, showing that male and female brains do, at one level, operate differently. The results, however, do not always support past cliches about what the differences in question actually are.One behavioral difference that has borne a huge amount of scrutiny is in mathematics, particularly si
29、nce Dr. Summers comments. The problem with trying to argue that the male tendency to systemize might lead to greater mathematical ability is that, in fact, girls and boys are equally good at maths prior to teenage years. Until recently, it was believed that males outperformed females in mathematics
30、at all ages. Today, that picture has changed, and it appears that males and females of any age are equally good at computation and at understanding mathematical concepts. However, after their mid-teens, men are better at problem solving than women are.The question raised by Dr. Summers does get to t
31、he heart of the matter. Over the past 50 years, women have made huge progress into academia and within it. Slowly, they have worked their way into the higher echelons of discipline after discipline. But some parts of the ivory tower have proved harder to occupy than others, The question remains, to
32、what degree is the absence of women in science, mathematics and engineering caused by innate, immutable ability?Innate it may well be. That does not mean it is immutable. A variety of abilities are amenable to training in both sexes. And such training works. Biology may predispose, but it is not nec
33、essarily destiny.（分数：10.00）(1).We learn from Paragraph 1 that men and women _.A. are allin favour of the theory of evolutionB. are born to behave in many different waysC. recognize their differences through programsD. are different for biological but not cultural factors（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of
34、 the following statements would Larry Summers support?A. Women are innately less competitive than men in some areas.B. Women have limited capacity in all research fields.C. Women should not choose a career in the field of science.D. Women are confronted with discrimination in their careers.（分数：2.00）
35、A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 4?A. Systematic thinking makes males better at maths than feruales.B. Boys are not better at maths than girls before their teenage years.C. Males do better than females in mathematics at any age now.D. Boys and girls perform equally w
36、ellin problem solving.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The sentence “Biology may predispose, but it is not necessarily destiny“ (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 6) indicates that _.A. biological factors determme ones capabilitiesB. womens achievement is decided by innate abilitiesC. biological differences can be changedD.
37、 abilities can be acquired despite innate differences（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Sex Difference: Who Is Smarter?B. Female Lags in Certain Fields: Gender DifferenceC. Differences between the Sexes: Mismeasure of WomenD. Gender Inequality: Female
38、 Inferiority Proved（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticellis work, admittin
39、g that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the
40、 standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticellis work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)The primary reason for Botticellis unpop
41、ularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of the fifteenth century Florentine art. For example, Bo
42、tticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.Another reason for Botticellis unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly e
43、xposed to classical art, he showed little interest in-borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art.In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the rel
44、ationship of Botticellis work to the tradition of the fifteenth century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his
45、 assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticellis personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English speaking world. Yet Botticellis work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupul
46、ous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth century Florentines-features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did no
47、t treat these qualities as ends in themselvesrather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Homes emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli
48、s achievements.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. The Role of Standard Art Analyses and AppraisalsB. Sandro Botticelli: From Rejection to AppreciationC. The History of Critics Responses to Art WorksD. Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study（分数：2.00）A.
49、B.C.D.(2).We can learn from the text that art critics have a history of _.A. suppressing painters art, initiatives B. favoring Botticellis best paintingsC. rejecting traditional art characteristics D. undervaluing Botticellis achievements（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The views of Vasari and Home on Botticellis products are _.A. identical B. complementary C. opposite D. similar（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “connoisseurs“ (Paragraph 1) most probably means _.A. representatives in the Pre-Raphaelite MovementB. people who are in fa
