1、考研英语-980 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In 1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had (1) the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge (2) from the dramatic growth of the economies of China and India to widespread (3) in oil-producing reg
2、ions, including Iraq and Nigerias delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have (4) the economic and political map of the world, (5) some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, (6) major importersincluding China and India, home to a third of the worlds pop
3、ulation (7) rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central (8) of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (9) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (10) how un-pleasant, to do it.In many poor nations with oil,
4、 the profits are being, lost to corruption, (11) these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, (12) some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil (13) , a
5、 change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (14) costs, from higher prices. Considering Germany, (15) it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to R
6、ussia (16) 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose (17) higher in the spring of 2008, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama (18) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving ha
7、bits began to (19) , as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems (20) the country reported a sharp increase in riders,（分数：10.00）(1).A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. intensity B. infinity C. in
8、security D. instability（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatening（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. and B. while C. thus D. though（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.
9、(8).A. problem B. question C. matter D. event（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. what B. that C.
10、 which D. whom（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. although B. because C. since D. as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplied（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(1
11、7).A. ever B. still C. rather D. fairly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. for B. from C. across D. over（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、
12、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Wherever people have been, they have left waste behind, which can cause all sorts of problems. Waste often stinks, attracts vermin and creates eyesores. More seriously, it can release harmful chemicals into the soil and water when dumped, or into the air when burned. And then t
13、here are some really nasty forms of industrial waste, such as spent nuclear fuel, for which no universally accepted disposal methods have thus far been developed.Yet many also see waste as an opportunity. Getting rid of it all has become a huge global business. Rich countries spend some $120 billion
14、 a year disposing of their municipal waste alone and another $150 billion on industrial waste. The amount of waste that countries produce tends to grow in tandem with their economies, and especially with the rate of urbanization. So waste firms see a rich future in places such as China, India and Br
15、azil, which at present spend only about $ 5 billion a year collecting and treating their municipal waste.Waste also presents an opportunity in a grander sense: as a potential resource. Much of it is already burned to generate energy. Clever new technologies to turn it into fertiliser or chemicals or
16、 fuel are being developed all the time. Visionaries see a world without waste, with rubbish being routinely recycled.Until last summer such views were spreading quickly. But since then plummeting prices for virgin paper, plastic and fuels, and hence also for the waste that substitutes for them, have
17、 put an end to such visions. Many of the recycling firms that had argued rubbish was on the way out now say that unless they are given financial help, they themselves will disappear.Subsidies are a bad idea. Governments have a role to play in the business of waste management, but it is a regulatory
18、and supervisory one. They should oblige people who create waste to clean up after themselves and ideally ensure that the price of any product reflects the cost of disposing of it safely. That would help to signal which items are hardest to get rid of, giving consumers an incentive to buy goods that
19、create less waste in the first place.That may sound simple enough, but governments seldom get the roles right. In poorer countries they often have no rules at all, or if they have them they fail to enforce them. In rich countries they are often inconsistent: too strict about some sorts of waste and
20、worryingly lax about others. They are also prone to imposing arbitrary targets and taxes. California, for example, wants to recycle all its trash not because it necessarily makes environmental or economic sense but because the goal of “zero waste“ sounds politically attractive.（分数：10.00）(1).Whats th
21、e main idea of the first paragraph?A. Waste is everywhere. B. Waste is very harmful.C. Waste should be treated universally. D. Waste can be an opportunity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Waste firms expect a great development in China, India and Brazil because _.A. those economies have a large amount of waste
22、to be treatedB. those economies develop fast but spend little on waste businessC. those economies welcome waste firms to run business thereD. those economies pay more attention to environmental protection（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Many recycling firms are disappointed now for the reason that _.A. clever n
23、ew technologies are updating too quickly to bring any profitB. they will have no resources to use in a world without waste in the futureC. low prices for recycling products leave little margin to make moneyD. governments are reluctant to give financial help to survive the crisis（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).
24、According to the authors ideal, products with high prices _.A. would be hard to be disposed of B. should be really valuableC. would create less waste D. should be in strict regulation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Rich countries might help poor
25、 countries to treat the waste.B. Californias “zero waste“ program makes no environmental sense.C. More taxes are needed to collect and treat the waste efficiently.D. Governments policies on waste industry are largely incoherent.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Recalculating the global use of
26、 phosphorus, an important fertilizer element of modem agriculture, a team of researchers warns that the worlds stocks may soon be in short supply and that overuse in the industrialized world has become a leading cause of the pollution of lakes, rivers and streams.Writing in the Feb. 14 edition of th
27、e journal Environmental Research Letters, Stephen Carpenter of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Elena Bennett of McGill University report that the human use of phosphorus, primarily in the industrialized world, is causing the widespread eutrophication of fresh surface water. Whats more, the m
28、inable global stocks of phosphorus are concentrated in just a few countries and are in decline, posing the risk of global shortages within the next 20 years. “There is a finite amount of phosphorus in the world,“ says Carpenter, one of the worlds leading authorities on lakes and streams. “This is a
29、material thats becoming rarer and we need to use it more efficiently.“Phosphorus is an essential element for life. Living organisms, including humans, have small amounts and the element is crucial for driving the energetic processes of cells. In agriculture, phosphorus mined from ancient marine depo
30、sits is widely used to boost crop yields. The element also has other industrial uses.But excess phosphorus from fertilizer that washes from farm fields and suburban lawns into lakes and streams is the primary cause of the algae blooms that destroy freshwater ecosystems arid degrade water quality. Ph
31、osphorus pollution poses a risk to fish and other water life as well as to the animals and humans who depend on clean fresh water. In some instances, excess phosphorus sparks blooms of toxic algae, which pose a direct threat to human and animal life.“If you have too much phosphorus, you get eutrophi
32、cation,“ explains Carpenter, of the cycle of excessive plant and algae growth that significantly degrades bodies of fresh water. “Phosphorus stimulates the growth of algae and weeds near shore and some of the algae can contain cyanobacteria, which are toxic. You lose fish. You lose water quality for
33、 drinking.“ The fertilizer-fueled algae blooms themselves amplify the problem as the algae die and release accumulated phosphorus back into the water.Complicating the problem, says Carpenter, is the fact that excess phosphorus in the environment is a problem primarily in the industrialized world, ma
34、inly Europe, North America and parts of Asia. In other parts of the world, notably Africa and Australia, soils are phosphorus poor, creating a stark imbalance. Ironically, soils in places like North America, where fertilizers with phosphorus are most commonly applied, are already loaded with the ele
35、ment. Bennett and Carpenter argue that agriculture practices to better conserve phosphate within agricultural ecosystems are necessary to avert the widespread pollution of surface waters. Phosphorus from parts of the world where the element is abundant, they say, can be moved to phosphorus deficient
36、 regions of the world by extracting phosphorus from manure, for example, using manure digesters.（分数：10.00）(1).We learn from the paragraph 1 that the pollution of lakes, rivers and streams is mainly caused by _.A. the global use of phosphorusB. short supply of the worlds phosphorus stocksC. overuse o
37、f phosphorus in the industrialized worldD. use of phosphorus in modem agriculture（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “eutrophication“ (line 3, Para. 2)most probably means _.A. pollution B. excess of nutrientsC. increase of algae D. growth of bacteria（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is not corre
38、ct about the use of phosphorus?A. It is used in industry.B. It is used to increase crop yields.C. It is used to drive the energetic processes of cells.D. It is only in small amounts in living organism.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is the result if the algae blooms?A. It will cause the fish and other wat
39、er life to die.B. It will release accumulated phosphorus into the water.C. It will destroy freshwater ecosystem.D. It will improve water quality.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the last paragraph, we learn that _.A. environmental problems exist only in the industrialized countriesB. agriculture pr
40、actices should conserve phosphateC. phosphorus can be created by using manure digestersD. soils are not short of phosphorus in Africa and Australia（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In a three-month period last year, two Brooklynites had to be cut out of their apartments and carried to hospita
41、l on stretchers designed for transporting small whales. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) argues that it was not their combined 900kg bulk that made them ill. Obesity, according to NAAFA, is not bad for you. And, even if it was, there is nothing to be done about it, because
42、genes dictate weight. Attempting to eat less merely slows metabolism, having people as chubby as ever.This is the fatlash movement that causes Americas slimming industry so much pain. In his book Bin Fat Lies (Ballantine, 1996), Glenn Gaesser says that no study yet has convincingly shown that weight
43、 is an independent cause of health problems. Fatness does not kill people; things like hypertension, coronary heart diseases and cancer do. Michael Fumento, author of The Fat of the Land (Viking, 1997), an anti-fatlash diatribe, compares Dr Gaessers logic with saying that the guillotine did not kill
44、 Louis XVI: Rather, it was the severing of his vertebrae, the cutting of all the blood vessels in his neck, and, the trauma caused by his head dropping several feet into a wicker basket.Being fat kills in several ways. It makes people far more likely to suffer from heart disease or high blood pressu
45、re. Even moderate obesity increases the chance of contracting diabetes. Being 40% overweight makes people 30%-50% more likely to die of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. Extreme fatness makes patients so much less likely to survive surgery that many doctors refuse to operate until th
46、ey slim.The idea that being overweight is caused by obesity genes is not wholly false: researchers have found a number of genes that appear to make some people bum off energy at a slower rate. But genes are not destiny. The difference between someone with a genetic predisposition to gain weight and
47、someone without appears to be roughly 40 caloriesor a spoonful of mayonnaisea day.An alternative fatlash argument, advanced in books such as Dean Onrushs Eat More, Weight Less (Harper Collies, 1993) and Date Atrenss Dont Diet (William Morrow, 1978), is that fatness is not a matter of eating too much
48、. They note that as Americans weight has ballooned over the last few decades, their reported caloric intake has plunged. This simply explains peoples own recollection of how much they eat is extremely unreliable. And as they grow fatter, people feel guilty and are more likely to fib about how much t
49、hey eat. All reputable studies show that eating less and exercising reduce weight.Certainly, the bodys metabolism slows a little when you lose weight, because it takes less energy to carry less bulk around, and because dieting can make the body fear it is about to starve. But a sensible low-fat diet makes weight loss possible. The fatlash movement is dangerous, because slimmers will often find any excuse to give up. To tell people that it is healthy to be obese is to encourage them to live sick and die young.（分数：10.00）(1).The two Brooklyn
