1、考研英语-979 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the countrys speed camera network is expanded. Motoring organizations warned that the (1) could become a poll tax on wheels, (2) huge number of drivers. There could
2、 be many more incidents of vandalism (3) cameras. The warnings came (4) a Daily Mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces in England and Wales were either (5) to expansion plans or considering (6) .Nationwide, the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble, (7) 90 million a year. (8) t
3、he scheme, police keep some of the cash from fines to 9 the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and (10) that existing ones always have film in them. The rest will go to the Treasury. Both Ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed (11) at making roads safer. They point to trials in
4、eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by (12) a half.But motoring organizations fear cameras will be sited on relatively safe (13) fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. Some forces are also expected to 14 the “threshold“ speeds at which cameras
5、are (15) to the absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit, and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. This could encourage drivers to stare at their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road, and (16) to more accidents. Sue Nicholson, head of campaigns at the RAC, said, “We dont have a problem with
6、speed cameras (17) . But we do have concerns about (18) they are sited. Police risk losing credibility (19) motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising (20) safety devices./（分数：10.00）(1).A. promotions B. punishmentsC. penalties D. payments（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. isolating B. separatingC. aliena
7、ting D. detaching（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. towards B. againstC. before D. over（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. so B. onceC. as D. where（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. subjected B. engagedC. intended D. committed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. taking part B. keeping silenceC. making exception D. paying respect（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.
8、(7).A. financing B. profitingC. funding D. netting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. From B. UnderC. On D. With（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. hide B. coverC. conceal D. veil（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. pledging B. assuringC. confirming D. ensuring（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. essentially B. stronglyC. wholeheartedly D. purely
9、（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. in all B. fewer thanC. at most D. up to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. but B. whereasC. though D. while（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. fit B. putC. set D. fix（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. levered B. gearedC. handled D. triggered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. lead B. addC. contribute D. resort（分数：0.5
10、0）A.B.C.D.(17).A. any less B. by itselfC. after all D. as such（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. who B. whenC. where D. which（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. in B. withC. against D. for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. in spite of B. far fromC. rather than D. by means of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Pa
11、rt A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the communitys moral precepts. Adults also c
12、ondition each others observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Sin
13、gapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapores use of corporal punishment to maintain social order. Was Fays punishment effective? Whether he subsequently a
14、voids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singaporewhich he left promptly.The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, f
15、ace threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common
16、forms of punishment.In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the o
17、fficial government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment,
18、 and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communi
19、ties. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison i
20、s no longer as an effective punishment.（分数：10.00）(1).The best title of this passage would beA. Crime and PunishmentB. Reward and PunishmentC. Social OrderD. Two Case Studies: Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm i
21、n maintaining social order?A. Children must be obedient to their parents.B. People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.C. People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.D. People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What can be inferre
22、d from the Michael Fay case?A. Many Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.B. The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.C. The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.D. Mic
23、hael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?A. To stop giving them pocket money.B. To persuade them in a gentle way.C. To verbally humiliate them.D. To threaten to expel them from the
24、home.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The word “stigma“ (Para. 4) most probably meansA. irony. B. verbal abuse.C. persuasion. D. bad reputation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Cyberspace, data superhighways, multi mediafor those who have seen the future, the linking of computers, television and telepho
25、nes will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia, little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the “how“, the question of “for whom“ is put asi
26、de once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms o
27、f trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global marketswith destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instabi
28、lity. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As “futures“ are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the
29、 options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselvesso called “development communications“ modernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries economies
30、.Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S., Europe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on creditcredit usually provided by
31、 the very countries whose companies stand to gain.Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those
32、 whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.（分数：10.00）(1).From the passage, we know that the development of high technology is in the interests ofA. the rich countries.B. scientific development.C. the elite.D. the world economy.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inferred from the pass
33、age thatA. international trade should be expanded.B. the interests of the poor countries have not been given enough consideration.C. the exports of the poor countries should be increased.D. communications technology in the developing countries should be modernized.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Why does the a
34、uthor say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries?A. Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market.B. Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.C. Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor c
35、ountries.D. Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The development of modem communications technology in developing countries mayA. hinder their industrial production.B. cause them to lose control of their trade.C. force them to reduce their share of e
36、xports.D. cost them their economic independence.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude toward the communications revolution isA. positive. B. critical.C. indifferent. D. tolerant.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)College graduates are now leaving school with not only a diploma, but also wi
37、th more debt than in any other period in history. According to the College Board, average financial aid per full time equivalent student adjusted for inflation, has almost doubled in the last decade. Additionally, not only is the average student debt load higher, but also the number of loans origina
38、ted increased by nearly fourfold. Thus student lending has increased in breadth as well as depth, doubly impacting the financial situations of those students who must depend on student loans to finance their education.Furthermore, these figures no doubt understate the true level of indebtedness incu
39、rred by students and their families since some undoubtedly finance part of their education and living expenses through the use of consumer loans, home equity loans or credit cards. Thus, the already huge burden of student loan debt incurred by students and their families is exacerbated by financial
40、obligations from other sources.This situation is the outcome of a precarious combination of easy credit, thanks to card issuers who are eager to tap into this lucrative market, financial naivet on the part of students, and a sense on both sides that, if worse comes to worse, mommy and daddy will ste
41、p in and set things right. All combine to make credit a tempting lure to students strapped for cash. While credit still remain a virtual element for the financing of many students education at expensive colleges, its implications must carefully weighed and considered, lest the cash-poor student find
42、 himself with more that he bargained for.Most students in the United States attend colleges whose tuition does not exceed $15,000, however. Nevertheless, rising prices, combined with stagnant income gains among low-and moderate-income families, have made it difficult if not impossible for a student
43、from a family of such an income level, a student who has the most to gain from a college education, to attend college without significantly adding to the financial burden of his or her family. While student loans still remain a vital element for the financing of many students education at expensive
44、colleges, its implications must be carefully weighed and considered, lest the cash-poor student find himself with more than he bargained for.（分数：10.00）(1).In Paragraph 1, “. the number of loans originated increased by nearly fourfold“ meansA. the amount of money owed is four times higher than before
45、.B. four times as many students have loans than before.C. there are four times as many loans as before.D. four times as many loans are applied for than before.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).In Paragraph 1, “. student lending has increased in breadth as well as depth“ meansA. there are a greater number of stud
46、ent loans than before.B. student loans are for higher amounts of money than before.C. more total money is owed by students than before.D. there are more students loans than before and the total money owed is more than before.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The main point of Paragraph 4 isA. Those who need a co
47、llege education most are having the most difficulty getting it.B. Student loans are improving access to education for all.C. High-income families benefit most from student loans.D. How to moderate-income families benefit most from student loans.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The text is mainly aboutA. the eff
48、ect of student loans today.B. how student loans are obtained.C. the sources of student loans that exist.D. the future of student loans.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author views student loans asA. harmful but necessary.B. completely unnecessary.C. useful but insufficient.D. useful but problematic.（分数：2.0
49、0）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)One of the most pressing challenges that the United Statesand indeed, the worldwill face in the next few decades is how to alleviate the growing stress that human activities are placing on the environment. The consequences are just too great to ignore. Wildlife habitats are being degraded or disappearing altogether as new developments take up more land. Plant and animal species are becoming extinct at a greater rate now than at any time in Earths history. As many as 30 percent of the worlds fish stocks are overexploited. And the list go
